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StatsGROUP 1

Here are the steps to solve this problem using the long method of ANOVA: 1) Calculate the total sum of squares: SST = Σ(xij - x...)^2 = (407-406.2)^2 + (411-406.2)^2 + ... + (408-406.2)^2 = 58.08 2) Calculate the sum of squares for treatments (between groups): SSTr = n1(x1- - x..)^2 + n2(x2- - x..)^2 + n3(x3- - x..)^2 = 5(406.4-406.2)^2 + 5(408.2-

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Beatrice Oparebea
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38 views12 pages

StatsGROUP 1

Here are the steps to solve this problem using the long method of ANOVA: 1) Calculate the total sum of squares: SST = Σ(xij - x...)^2 = (407-406.2)^2 + (411-406.2)^2 + ... + (408-406.2)^2 = 58.08 2) Calculate the sum of squares for treatments (between groups): SSTr = n1(x1- - x..)^2 + n2(x2- - x..)^2 + n3(x3- - x..)^2 = 5(406.4-406.2)^2 + 5(408.2-

Uploaded by

Beatrice Oparebea
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GROUP 1

NAMES INDEX NO:


LARTEY, Radia

OFORI, Theodore Duah


4324220
ABABIO, Anna Adoma
4327520
ABAIDOO, Baaba Nworaba
8687221
ABDUL-MUMIN, Yasir Yalwum
8687321
ABOAGYE, Priscilla 8687421
ABOAGYE, Richmond Frimpong 8687521

ABOAGYE KODUA, Bright


8687621
8687721
ADDAE, Francis Mawuse
8687821
ADJEI, Giovanna Esther Korleykuor
8687921
ADU BADU, Agyei 8688021
ADU-SEFA, Yaa Konadu 8688121

AGBESIE, Bismark Torsu 8688221


8688321
AGBOSU, Elijah
8688521
AKANSON, Clifford Cyril
SAMPLING THEORY

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF PROPORTIONS


QUESTION 1
Find the probability that in 120 tosses of a fair coin (a) between 40% and 60% will be heads, (b) or more will be heads.

Solution

We consider the 120 tosses of the coin as a sample from the infinite population of all possible tosses of the coin. In this population the probability of heads is and the

probability of tails is

(a) We require the probability that the number of heads in 120 tosses will be between 40% of 120, or 48, and 60% of 120, or 72, using the normal approximation to the

binomial distribution. Since the number of heads is a discrete variable, we ask for the probability that the number of heads lies between 47.5 and 72.5

𝛍 = expected number of heads = np = 120= 60

and 𝛔

47.5 in standard units

72.5 in standard units

Required probability :

P
CONT.
b)

P
ESTIMATION THEORY

MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATES


QUESTION 2
A population has a density function given by

For n observations X1,……………, Xn made from this population, find the moment
and maximum likelihood estimate of k.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS AND
SIGNIFICANCE

TEST OF MEANS AND PROPORTIONS USING NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS


QUESTION 3
In an experiment on extrasensory perception (ESP) a subject in one room is asked to state the color (red or blue)
of a card chosen from a deck of 50 well-shuffled cards by an individual in another room. It is unknown to the
subject how many red or blue cards are in the deck. If the subject identifies 32 cards correctly, determine whether
the results are significant at the (a) 0.05, (b) 0.01 level of significance. (c) Find and interpret the P value of the
test.
SOLUTION
If p is the probability of the subject stating the color of a card correctly, then we have to decide between the
following two hypotheses:
H0 : p 0.5, and the subject is simply guessing, i.e., results are due to chance
H 1: p 0.5, and the subject has powers of ESP.
We choose a one-tailed test, since we are not interested in ability to obtain extremely low scores but rather in
ability to obtain high scores.
If the hypothesis H0 is true, the mean and standard deviation of the number of cards identified correctly is given
by
CONT.
(a) For a one-tailed test at a level of significance of 0.05, so that the shaded area in the critical region of high scores is 0.05. Then the area
between 0 and z1 is 0.4500, and z1 = 1.645

25

Therefore, our decision rule or test of significance is:

(1) If the z score observed is greater than 1.645, the results are significant at the 0.05 level and the individual

has powers of ESP.

(2) If the z score is less than 1.645, the results are due to chance, i.e., not significant at the 0.05 level.

Since 32 in standard units is (32 - 25) /3.54 = 1.98, which is greater than 1.645, decision (1) holds, i.e., we conclude at the 0.05 level that the
individual has powers of ESP.

Note that we should really apply a continuity correction, since 32 on a continuous scale is between 31.5 and 32.5. However, 31.5 has a standard
score of (31.5 - 25) /3.54 = 1.84, and so the same conclusion is reached.

(b) If the level of significance is 0.01, then the area between 0 and z1 is 0.4900, and z1 = 2.33. Since 32 (or 31.5) in standard units is 1.98 (or
1.84), which is less than 2.33, we conclude that the results are not significant at the 0.01 level.

Some statisticians adopt the terminology that results significant at the 0.01 level are highly significant, results significant at the 0.05 level but not
at the 0.01 level are probably significant, while results significant at levels larger than 0.05 are not significant.

According to this terminology, we would conclude that the above experimental results are probably significant, so that further investigations of
the phenomena are probably warranted.

(c) The P value of the test is the probability that the colors of 32 or more cards would, in a random selection, be identified correctly. The standard
score of 32, taking into account the continuity correction is z = 1.84. Therefore the P value is P( ) = 0.032. The statistician could say that on the
basis of the experiment, the chances of being wrong in concluding that the individual has powers of ESP are about 3 in 100.
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

MODIFICATIONS FOR UNEQUAL NUMBERS OF OBSERVATIONS


QUESTION 4
A teacher wishes to test three different teaching methods, I, II, III. To do this, three groups of 5 students
each are chosen at random, and each group is taught by a different method. The same examination is
then given to all the students, and the grades in Table 9-36 are obtained. Determine at (a) the 0.05, (b)
the 0.01 level whether there is a significant difference in the teaching methods.
METHOD I 75 62 71 58 73
METHOD 81 85 68 92 90
II
METHOD 73 79 60 75 81
III
QUESTION 5
Table 9-14 shows the lifetimes in hours of samples from three different types of television tubes
manufactured by a company. Using the long method, test at (a) the 0.05, (b) the 0.01 significance level
whether there is a difference in the three types.

SAMPLE 1 407 411 409


SAMPLE 2 404 406 408 405 402
SAMPLE 3 410 408 406 408

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