GEOMETRY

Topics Covered:
3. Geometry
3.1 Simple Geometric
Figures
3.2 Two-Dimensional
Objects
3.3 Three-Dimensional
Objects
 What is Geometry?
• A branch of mathematics that deals with the
measurement, properties, and relationships
of points, lines, angles, surfaces, and solids
• The visual study of shapes, sizes, patterns,
and positions
Lines, Rays, Angles, and Points

LINES- In geometry, a line is a straight one-dimensional figure that does not

have a thickness, and it extends endlessly in both directions.
RAYS- It is a part of a line that has a fixed starting point but no endpoint. It can
extend infinitely in one direction. Since a ray has no end point, we can’t measure
its length.
ANGLES- An angle is formed when two straight lines or rays meet at a
common endpoint. The common point of contact is called the vertex of an angle.
The word angle comes from a Latin word named ‘angulus,’ meaning “corner.”
POINTS – is a location in space. It has no length, width, and height. It is
represented by a dot.
 More about LINES...

• LINE SEGMENT- A line segment, which is part of a line, has two

defined endpoints. A line segment can be measured, whereas a line
cannot. The length of the line segment is the distance between the two
endpoints, A and B.

• Euclid, a Greek mathematician – fondly known as the Father of

Geometry – introduced the concept of a line. He defined it as “a
breadthless length.”
 More about LINES...
Different Types of Line
• Straight Line
• Curved Line
• Oblique Line
• Horizontal Line
• Vertical Line

Moreover, there are also certain variations of the types of lines.

It occurs when more than one line is placed in the same
dimension.
• Parallel Line
• Intersecting Line
• Transversal Line
• Perpendicular Line
 More about RAYS...
Naming a Ray
On its way to infinity, a ray may pass through more than one
point. A ray is named using its initial point and any other point through
which it passes. So, the first letter of a ray’s name indicates its starting
point.
When naming a ray, it is denoted by drawing a small ray on top of the
name of the ray.

• In geometry, when two rays share a common endpoint, they form an

angle.
• A ray is a geometric figure that has no height or width. It only has an
indefinite length.
• The name of a ray must always include its origin point.
• We need two rays to form an angle.
 More about ANGLES...
Symbol of Angle
The symbol ∠ represents an angle. Angles are measured in
degrees (°) using a protractor.
For example, 45 degrees is represented as 45°
Parts of Angles
Vertex: A vertex is a corner of an angle, a point where two
lines/sides meet. O is the vertex in the given figure.
Arms: The two sides of the angle, joined at a common
endpoint. OA and OB are arms of an angle.
Initial Side: Also known as the reference line, a straight line
from where an angle is drawn. OB is the reference line.
Terminal Side: The side up to which the angle measurement is
done. In the given diagram below, OA is the terminal side.
 More about ANGLES...
Types of Angles
Based on their measurements, here are the different
types of angles:
An acute angle measures less than 90° at the vertex.
An obtuse angle is between 90° and 180°.
A right angle precisely measures 90° at the vertex.
An angle measuring exactly 180° is a straight angle.
A reflex angle measures between 180°- 360°.
A complete angle measures 360°.
More about ANGLES...
Interior and Exterior Angles:
Interior angles: Interior Angles are the angles
formed within or inside a shape.
Here, ∠ABC, ∠BCA and ∠CAB are interior
angles.

Exterior angles: Exterior angles are the angles

formed outside a shape, between any side of a
shape and an extended adjacent side. Here,
∠ACD is an exterior angle.
More about ANGLES...
Complementary and Supplementary Angles:

Complementary angles: Angles that add up to 90°

(a right angle) are called complementary angles.
Here, ∠BXC and ∠CXD are complementary angles.

Supplementary angles: Angles that add up to 180°

(a straight angle) are called supplementary angles.
Here, ∠AXD and ∠CXD are supplementary angles.
Geometric Shapes/Figures
Geometric shapes are defined as figures closed by a
boundary which is made by combining the definite amount of curves,
points, and line segments.
• These shapes are made up of lines, curves, angles, and surfaces.
Some of the known geometric shapes are Square, Rectangle, Circle,
Cylinder, etc.
• A polygon is a geometric shape with 3 or more sides. Some of the
common polygons are Triangle, Square, Rhombus, etc.
• When an object or a shape is not connected with both ends, it is
considered an open geometric shape. And, when an object or shape
is connected with both ends, it is considered a closed geometric
shape.
There are two types of geometric shapes, classified as:
Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional
Two-Dimensional & Three-Dimensional
• Two-Dimensional: A 2D shape is a flat shape that
has only two dimensions – length and width, with no
thickness or depth
• Three-Dimensional: In comparison, a 3D shape has
three dimensions – length, width, and height.

*A 2D shape can be classified as regular or irregular based

on the length and the interior angles.
*A 2D shape is said to be regular if all its sides are equal in
length and all its interior angles measure the same.
*A 2D shape is irregular if all the sides are of unequal length
and all its angles are of unequal measures.
Symmetry/Asymmetry
• Symmetry is having two sides of a whole look like they reflect each
other.
• It is defined as a balanced and proportionate similarity that is found
in two halves of an object.
• If an object is symmetrical, it means that it is equal on both sides. If
an object does not have symmetry, then we say that the object is
asymmetrical.
• The imaginary axis or line along which the figure can be folded to
obtain the symmetrical halves is called the line of symmetry.
Tessellation
• Repeating a shape over and over and over and
over again, leaving no gaps between each shape
to form a bigger shape
• Another word for tessellation is TILING
 Summary
Geometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with the measurement, properties, and
relationships of points, lines, angles, surfaces, and solids
In geometry, a line is a straight one-dimensional figure that does not have a thickness, and it
extends endlessly in both directions.
Ray is a part of a line that has a fixed starting point but no endpoint. It can extend infinitely in
one direction. Since a ray has no end point, we can’t measure its length.
An angle is formed when two straight lines or rays meet at a common endpoint. The common
point of contact is called the vertex of an angle. The word angle comes from a Latin word named
‘angulus,’ meaning “corner.”
Two-Dimensional: A 2D shape is a flat shape that has only two dimensions – length and width,
with no thickness or depth
Three-Dimensional: In comparison, a 3D shape has three dimensions – length, width, and
height.
Geometric shapes are defined as figures closed by a boundary which is made by combining the
definite amount of curves, points, and line segments.
Symmetry is defined as a balanced and proportionate similarity that is found in two halves of an
object.
Repeating a shape over and over and over and over again, leaving no gaps between each shape
to form a bigger shape
C la v e c illa Dela Torre

C o r re
De Leon
Source:
https://www.splashlearn.com/math-vocabulary/geometry/ray#:~:text=What%20Is%20a%20Ray%20in,an%20example
%20of%20a%20ray
.

https://www.splashlearn.com/math-vocabulary/geometry/line

https://www.splashlearn.com/math-vocabulary/geometry/angle#:~:text=Frequently%20Asked%20Questions-,What%2
0is%20Angle%3F,%2C'%20meaning%20%E2%80%9Ccorner.%E2%80%9D

https://www.slideshare.net/bjeterravan/geometry-presentation-416881920is%20Angle%3F

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 ACTIVITY/QUESTIONNAIRE
1.
2. 4. What do we
call about
these lines?

3. 5.
 ACTIVITY/QUESTIONNAIRE
6. It is defined as breadthless length.
7. It is measured at exactly 180°?
8. is combining the definite amount of
curves, points, and line segments.
9-10. A 2D shape can be classified as regular or
irregular based on the length and the interior angles.