Advanced Fluid and Heat

Transfer(AE 6411)
Tegegn Dejene, PhD
 Chapter 1

Fundamental concepts/Preliminaries
 Preliminaries
• Fluid mechanics deals with the analysis of
motion of liquids and gases
• Fluid mechanics deals with the behavior of
fluids at rest and in motion
• Fluid tends to flow when we interacts with
them(e.g when you stir your morning coffee)
• A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms
continuously under the applications of shear or
tangential stress no matter how the small the
shear stress
 Cont’d
• Fluid mechanics is defined as the science that
deals with the behavior of fluids at rest (fluid
statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics), and the
interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids
at the boundaries
• Fluid mechanics is also referred to as fluid
dynamics by considering fluids at rest as a
special case of motion with zero velocity
 Categories of Fluid
mechanics/Dynamics
• Hydrodynamics(hydraulics)
• Gas dynamics/aerodynamics-deals with the
flow of fluids that undergo significant density
changes, such as the flow of gases through
nozzles at high speeds
• Meteorology-the study of atomoshperic
phenomena
• Oceanography- study of oceans and seas
• Hydrology-deal with naturally occurring flows.
 Cont’d
• Fluid flow application on variety of
engineering applications:
 Process equipments and heat exchangers
in chemical and power plants
 Combustion chamber design in furnaces
and IC engines
 Aerospace technology etc
 Definition of a fluid
• A fluid is defined as the state of matter which
cannot sustain a shear stress, however small
• For Newtonian fluid, the shear stress is
proportional the rate of shear strain
 Air,water,oil obey Newton's law a fluid
viscosity
• Non Newtonian fluid do not obey Newton's
law a fluid viscosity
• Blood, paints
 Cont’d
• Fluid deformation under shear or tangential
stress
• The tangential stress in a fluid body
depends on velocity of deformation and
vanishes as this velocity approaches to
zero
 Cont’d

• The angle of deformation α (called the

shear strain or angular displacement)
increases in proportion to the applied force
F.
• In a fluid, shear stress arises due to
viscous flow
 Viscosity
• Think of a fluid as being composed of layers like
the individual sheets of paper.
• When one layer moves relative to another, there
is a resisting force. This frictional resistance to a
shear force and to flow is called viscosity
• Dynamic viscosity,μKinematic viscosity,ν=μ/ρ
• Viscosity –the resistance to a fluid flow
• The dynamic viscosity,μ plays the role of an
internal friction coefficient since it resists relative
motion between fluid surfaces
 Cont’d
• Causes of viscosity
• Molecular momentum exchange- for gases
• Intermolecular cohesion-for liquids
 Viscoelastic materials
• Solid materials elastic and fluids are viscous
• The material s that combine features of a
solid(elastic) and a fluid(viscous)nature are
called viscoelastic materials
• Example: Bilological tissues
Cont’d
 Classification of Fluid Flow
• Viscous versus inviscid regions of flow
• Internal versus external flow
• Compressible versus incompressible flow
• Laminar versus turbulent flow,
• Natural versus forced flow
• Steady versus unsteady flow
• Newtonian fluid vs non Newtonian fluid
 Viscous vs Inviscid flows
• Viscous flow- flow with the effect of viscosity is
considered
• Viscous flow can be laminar or turbulent
• If the Reynolds's number of a flow is small, viscous
effects will be dominant
• Inviscid flow(frictionless ) – the fluid flow in which
the effect of viscosity is negligible(μ=0)
• If the Reynolds's number of a flow is “large”, viscous
effects will be negligible
• Fluid flow can be classified as also incompressible or
compressible
 Newtonian fluid
• Fluids for which the shear stress is directly
proportional to the rate of deformation are
know as Newtonian fluids
• Most common fluids such as water,air,and
gasoline are Newtonian under normal
conditions.
• Examples of non-Newtonian fluids
includetoothpaste, ketchup, and some paints.
Cont’d
Cont’d
Compressible and incompressible flow
 Governing Equations
Basic equations governing fluid flow
• Conservation of mass- continuity equations
• Conservation of momentum- Naviers-Stoke’s
equation
• Conservation of thermal energy- energy
equation
 The concept of continuum
• In the continuum approach, individual
molecules/atoms are ignored and it is assumed that
the fluid consists of continuous matter/ medium.
• At each point of this continuous fluid there is
supposed to be a unique value of the velocity,
pressure, density, and other so-called field variables.
• The adjective continuum/continous refers to the
simplifying concept underlying the analysis; we
disregard the molecular structure of matter/medium
it as being without gaps or empty spaces.
 Cont’d
• Disregard the atomic nature of the fluid
• As continuous- homogeneous matter with no
holes,
• The properties vary continually in space with
no jump discontinuities
• In continuum concept we agree to ignore the
discrete composition of materials bodies and
to assume that the substance of such bodies
distributed uniformly throughout and
completely fills the space it occupies.
 Cont’d
• As consequence of continuum assumption,
each fluid property assumed to have a
definite at every point in space
• Density,velocity,pressure etc are to be
considered a continuum function of position
and time
• The gross behavior of the fluid, that is, in the
average manifestation of the molecular motion.
 Validity of Continuum hypothesis
• The continuum model is applicable as long as
the characteristic length of the system (such
as its diameter) is much larger than the mean
free path of the molecules
 Cont’d
• The continuum concept/ model for material
bodies is important to engineers for two very good
reasons.
 On the scale by which we consider bodies of
steel, aluminum, concrete, air etc., the
characteristic dimensions are extremely large
compared to molecular distances so that the
continuum model provides a very useful and
reliable representation.
 Additionally, our knowledge of the mechanical
behavior of materials is based almost entirely
upon experimental data gathered by tests on
relatively large specimens or volumes.
Eulerian and lagrangian coordinates
• Choice of reference frame to formulate the
conservation laws:
• Two basic coordinate systems employed to
describe a fluid flow or motion
 Lagrangian and
 Eulerian coordinates.
 Lagrangian description
• In the Lagrangian description, one essentially
follows the history of individual fluid particles
• Consequently, the two independent variables are
taken as time and a label for fluid particles.
• The Lagrangian description requires us to track
the position and velocity of each individual fluid
parcel(particle).
• In the lagrangian approach, attention is fixed
on a particular mass of fluid as it flows
Difficulties with Lagarangian Approach
• First, we cannot easily define and identify fluid
particles as they move around.
• Secondly, a fluid is a continuum (from a
macroscopic point of view), so interactions
between fluid particles are not as easy to
describe as are interactions between distinct
objects
 Eulerian Description
• In the Eulerian description of fluid flow, a finite
volume called a flow domain or control volume is
defined, through which fluid flows in and out.
• Instead of tracking individual fluid particles, we
define field variables, functions of space and time,
within the control volume.
• The field variable at a particular location at a
particular time is the value of the variable for
whichever fluid particle happens to occupy that
location at that time
 Summary Lagrangian and Eulerian
approach
• There are two different approaches through
which we can study mechanics of continuum
objects
• Lagarangian approach: we can take individual
particles in the continuum and the track the
changes in properties like
velocity,acceleration,pressure,etc.of the
particle.
 Eulerian approach
• If we analyze motion in the whole domain, by
finding properties at mathematical point in
space and time in the domain, rather than
finding change in properties of the individual
particles.
Example
 Fluid deformation
• A fluid deforms continuously as the tangential
or shear force applied on it.
 Cont’d
• The shear strain angle will continuously grow
with time as long as the stress is maintained,
the upper surface moving at speed u larger
than the lower
 Cont’d
• For common fluids like water, oil, and air
show a linear relation between applied shear
and resulting strain rate:

• From geometry of the above figure

• For small angle of δθ, tanδθ = δθ and taking
the limit for infinitesimal changes
 Cont’d
• The applied shear is also proportional to the
velocity gradient for the common linear fluids.
• The constant of proportionality is the viscosity
coefficient μ:
• The shear stress is proportional to the slope of
the velocity profile/velocity gradient and is
greatest at the wall.
• Further, at the wall, the velocity u is zero relative
to the wall: This is called the no-slip condition
and is characteristic of all viscous fluid flows.
 Cont’d
• The viscosity of Newtonian fluids is a true
thermodynamic property and varies with
temperature and pressure.
• Generally speaking, the viscosity of a fluid
increases only weakly with pressure.
Cont’d
 No slip condition of viscous fluid

• All experimental observations indicate that a fluid in

motion comes to a complete stop at the surface and
assumes a zero velocity relative to the surface
• When a viscous fluid flows over a solid surface, the fluid
elements adjacent to attain; in other words, the relative
velocity between the solid surface and the adjacent
fluid particle is zero.
• That is, a fluid in direct contact with a solid “sticks” to
the surface, and there is no slip. This is known as the no-
slip condition.
• Thus the fluid element in contact with a stationary
surface have zero velocity.
• No slip condition is a consequence of fluid viscosity
 Boundary layer
• A consequence of this no-slip condition is the
formation of velocity gradients and a
boundary layer near a solid interface
• The Boundary layer is a consequence of the
stickiness of the fluid, so it is always a region
where viscous effects dominate the flow.
• The thickness of the boundary layer depends
on how strong the viscous effects are relative
to the inertial effects working on the flow.
 The Reynolds Number

• The primary parameter correlating the viscous

behavior of all Newtonian fluids is the
dimensionless Reynolds number:

• where V and L are characteristic velocity and

length scales of the flow.
• μ- dynamic viscosity
• ν- kinematic viscosity
 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow

 Laminar flows:
 highly ordered fluid motion characterized by smooth
layers of fluid
 The word laminar comes from the movement of adjacent
fluid particles together in “laminae.”
 The flow of high-viscosity fluids such as oils at low
velocities is typically laminar.
 Turbulent flows
 The highly disordered fluid motion that typically occurs at
high velocities and is characterized by velocity
fluctuations
 The flow of low-viscosity fluids such as air at high
velocities is typically turbulent.
Flow Patterns and Flow Visualization
• Flow visualization—the visual examination of flow
field features.
• It is the qualitative method of flow examination
• Flow visualization is useful not only in physical
experiments but in numerical solutions as
well[computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
• Streamlines, stream tubes,streakline,pathline,
timeline
 Cont’d
• Pathline is the path or trajectory traced out by
a moving fluid particle.
 The line traced by the particle
 They show, overtime, the paths individual
particles take
• E.g if you have seen time lapse photos of night
time trafic,you get the idea
 Streakline and streamline
• With the use of dye or smoke,if we focus our attention on
fixed location in space and identify all fluid particles passing
throgh this fixed point
• After a short period of time we would have a number of
identifiable fluid particles in the flow,the line joining these
fluid particles is defined as a streakline.
• Streamlines drawn in the flow field so that at given instant
they are tangent to the direction of flow at every point in
the flow field
• Streamlines are the most common used visualization of
technique
• Timelines are created by marking a line in a flow and
watching how it evolves over time
 Summary
• In steady flow, pathlines,streaklines,and
streamlines are identical lines in the flow field.
• Streamlines are useful as indicators of the
instantaneous direction of fluid motion
throughout the flow field.
• For example, regions of recirculating flow and
separation of a fluid off of a solid wall are
easily identified by the streamline pattern.
 SYSTEM AND CONTROL VOLUME
• A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a
region in space chosen for study.
• The mass or region outside the system is called
the surroundings.
• The real or imaginary surface that separates
the system from its surroundings is called the
boundary.
• The boundary of a system can be fixed or
movable
 Control volume
• A large number of engineering problems involve mass
flow in and out of an open system and, therefore, are
modeled as control volumes.
• A water heater, a car radiator, a turbine, and a
compressor all involve mass flow and should be analyzed
as control volumes (open systems) instead of as control
masses (closed systems)
• A control volume can be fixed in size and shape, as in the
case of a nozzle, or it may involve a moving boundary.
• A control volume may also involve heat and work
interactions just as a closed system, in addition to mass
interaction.
 Cont’d
• A control volume may also involve heat and
work interactions just as a closed system, in
addition to mass interaction.