Vibration

MENG 384

Chapter 3
Harmonically Excited Vibration

By: Dr. Muhammad AL-Qassab 1

This chapter deals with the response of single degree of freedom systems subjected to
harmonic excitation. When a system is subjected to a harmonic excitation, it is forced to
vibrate at the same frequency as that of the excitation (excitation frequency, ω).
Common sources of harmonic excitations are:
• Unbalance in rotating machines
• Forces produced by reciprocating machines
• The motion of the machine itself
Resonance: It is the case when excitation frequency equals the natural frequency.
At resonance large amplitude develops which is undesired. Resonance is to be avoided
in most cases. Dampers and absorbers are used to reduce large amplitude.

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Forced Harmonic Excitation

Consider the SDOF system shown. The differential equation

is given by

where Fo is the maximum applied force.

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The solution consists of two parts:
1. Complementary solution (the solution of free vibration, ch. 2)
2. Particular solution (steady-state- oscillations)

Assume the solution to be

We now express X and φ in nondimensional form that enables a concise graphical

representation of these results.

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Thus,

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 Fo = cωX
Resonance amplitude

The maximum amplitude ratio occurs at a frequency lower than the natural
frequency.
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Where X1 and φ1 are constants to found by applying the initial conditions

is called transient.

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Example 1:

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For ξ<1 the solution is given by

Applying initial conditions we have

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Response of Undamped System Under Harmonic Force
The equation of motion is given by

The total solution becomes

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Particular solution when ξ = 0


n  1 
n  1

Frequency Response Curve


n  1, X  
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Total Response of Harmonically Excited Undamped System

x 0 F0 / k
x(t )  x0 cos nt  sin nt  cos t  cos nt 
n 2
1    
 n 
Resonance

x 0 F0n
x(t )  x0 cos nt  sin nt  t sin nt
n 2k

Beat Phenomenon
Assume zero initial conditions, the response becomes

F0 / m
x(t )  cos t  cos nt 
n  
2 2

F0 / m     n   n   
x(t )   2 sin  t  sin  t 
n2   2   2   2 

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n    2

  n  2
n2   2  4

Period of beating
Frequency of beating

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Example 2:
A reciprocating pump, weighing 150 lb, is mounted at the middle of a steel plate of
thickness 0.5 in., width 20 in., and length 100 in., clamped along two edges as shown
below. During operation of the pump, the plate is subjected to a harmonic force, F(t) =
50 cos 62.832t lb. Find the amplitude of vibration of the plate.

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Rotating Unbalance

below

M ~ is the total mass

m ~ is the eccentric mass
e ~ is the eccentricity
ω ~ is the angular velocity of m
x ~ is the displacement of the nonrotating
mass (M - m) measured from the static equilibrium

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The coefficient of the sine term on the right hand side is the centrifugal force due
to the mass m. And this is the force that cause excitation to mass M.
The steady state solution becomes

and

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Notes from the graph:
• All curves begin at zero
amplitude. The
amplitude at resonance
is markedly affected by
damping.
• At high ω, MX/me is
almost unity and the
effect of damping is
negligible.
• The peaks occurs to the
right of the resonance
value.

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Example 3

below

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Support Motion

below

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rotating unbalance,

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Example 4
The figure

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Vibration Isolation:

Consider a vibrating machine rested on a rigid foundation.

The problem can be modeled as mass-spring-damper system.
The transmitted force to the foundation is given by:

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Compare with support motion, we have,

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For ξ = 0, TR becomes

 / n  2

We have
k k k g
  
2
n  
m w / g k / g 
Therefore,

below

X equation

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Example

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where
x is displacement of the seismic mass
y is the displacement of the vibrating body
Relative displacement is given by

This equation is identical to rotating unbalance equation

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This graph is
identical to that of
MX/me

The responses are

function of two
parameters only,
and ξ

There are two

types of
instruments each
one has different
useful frequency
range

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The natural frequency of the instrument is low so that  / n is large.
In this range Z / Y  1 regardless of the value of ξ. The mass m is stationary.

Magnet
mass

Coil

Velometer. The output

voltage is proportional to
velocity. The natural
frequency lies in 1 to 5 Hz.
A high sensitivity seismometer. Natural frequency is 1 The useful frequency range
Hz and mass travel is ±1 mm. Its diameter is 15 cm is 10 to 2000 Hz. 33
and weighs 11 lb.
When the natural frequency is high compared with the frequency to be measured the
instrument indicates acceleration. It can be noticed that the factor

Hence, the factor

is considered as the error of the instruments as shown in the plot below.

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