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ITC3211CHAPTER1

Itc 2309 it's good study course for students talent and skills, it helps have an idea on several things. On their everyday work and so many things for life.

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16 views22 pages

ITC3211CHAPTER1

Itc 2309 it's good study course for students talent and skills, it helps have an idea on several things. On their everyday work and so many things for life.

Uploaded by

aabdurrahaman647
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ITC3211:

INTRODUCTION TO
INFORMATION SYSTEMS I

Aisha U. Suleiman
Department of Computer Science
Northwest University, Kano
INTRODUCTION
Information Systems used everyday,
both professionally and personally
E.g. ATM, internet access, POS,
registration, etc.
Information economy, where
information has value.
The value can make or break a deal.
DATA AND INFORMATION
Data e.g. date, measurement.
Information e.g. date of resumption.
Transformation of data to information.

Data → process→ Information


E.g of processes:
 Aggregating: average value of numbers.
 Classification: on-time & late delivery.
 Sorting: listing order.
 Information can be good or bad.
Characteristics of Valuable Information
 Accessible: by authorised users to meet their needs.
 Accurate: error-free. GIGO
 Complete: important facts
 Economical: economical to produce.
 Flexible: variety of purposes
 Relevant: important.
 Reliable: trusted by users.
 Secure: unauthorised access.
 Simple: not complex.
 Verifiable: make sure it is correct.
 Timely: delivered when needed.
DEFINING SYSTEMS
Definition:collection of components that
work together towards a common goal.
Collect input→output.
A system may have several subsystems
with subgoals to achieve main goal.
To monitor performance, we need:
 Feedback mechanism
 control
Components of a Generic System
Input
Process
Output
Feedback
Control
DEFINING IS
A group of interrelated components
that work collectively to carry out
input, processing, output, storage and
control actions in order to convert
data into information products, that
can be used to support forecasting,
planning, control, coordination,
decision making and operational
activities in an organisation.
Input: gathering and capturing raw data.
Processing: converting/transforming
data into useful outputs.
Output: producing useful information.
Storage: keeping data and information
available for future use including output.
Control: providing information to
management which will enable them
make decisions so that the organisation
is controlled.
Classes of Control
2 classes: open-loop and closed-loop.
Open-loop: no way of ensuring
objectives are met for a process.
Closed-loop: 2 types of control
mechanisms:
 Feedback: ensuring system is under
control. Negative feedback are actions
taken to reverse difference between
desired and actual outputs.
 Feedforward: attempts to overcome
the time-delay associated with
feedback systems.
CBIS
A Computer-Based Information
System (CBIS) is a single set of
people, hardware, software, data,
telecommunications, and procedures
that are configured to collect,
manipulate, store, and process data
into information.
E.g. a company’s payroll, order entry,
or inventory-control system
Components of CBIS
People resources: users and
developers of an information system
and those who help maintain and
operate the system.
Hardware resources include
computers and other items such as
printers.
Components of CBIS
Software resources refer to computer
programs known as software and
associated instruction manuals.
Communications resources include
networks and the hardware and
software needed to support them.
Data resources cover the data that an
organization has access to such as
computer databases and paper files.
System Performance & Standards

Measured in various ways.


Efficiency: a measure of what is
produced divided by what is
consumed.
Effectiveness: a measure of the extent
to which a system achieves its goals. It
can be computed by dividing the
goals actually achieved by the total of
the stated goals.
Performance Standard
A system performance standard is a
specific objective of the system.
After standards are established,
system performance is measured and
compared with the standard.
Variances from the standard are
determinants of system performance
Costs and Benefits of Information
Before an action is undertaken, the
estimated benefits of that action
should exceed the estimated costs.
For example, the information
reflected in an inventory data store
could be improved if it were checked
against a physical count of inventory
each week. But imagine how costly
that would be!
Conflicts Among Information Qualities
Itis virtually impossible to achieve a
maximum level for all of the qualities of
information simultaneously.
In fact, for some qualities, an increased
level of one requires a reduced level of
another.
E.g. obtaining complete information for
a decision may require delaying use of
the information until all events related to
the decision have taken place
Prioritizing Information Qualities
In cases where there are conflicts
between qualities of information,
defining a hierarchy establishes the
relative importance of each quality.
For example, a marketing manager
wanting to know quickly the impact
of a new advertising campaign might
check sales in just a few regions to get
an early indication.
ORGANIZATIONS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Previously to automate manual


process.
An organization is a formal collection
of people and other resources
established to accomplish a set of
goals.
Profit (increase value of stakeholder)
and Non-Profit Organizations
 How does the organizational system increase
the value of resources?
 In the transformation mechanism, subsystems
contain processes that help turn inputs into
goods or services of increasing value
 The value chain reveals how organizations can
add value to their products and services. The
value chain is a series (chain) of activities that
includes inbound logistics, warehouse and
storage, production, finished product storage,
outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and
customer service.
What role does an information
system play in these processes?
QUIZ QUESTIONS
Why might we have more trouble
assessing the success of a federal
government entitlement program than
we would have judging the success of a
business organization?
“When we computerize an IS, we
merely change how the data are
processed; we don’t change what tasks
are performed.’’ Do you agree? Give
examples to support your position.

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