Engineering Thermodynamics:

Mass and Energy Analysis

Lecture notes by Dr. Abdalla Al-Amiri
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Modified by Dr. Eyas Mahmoud
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
 Mass Transfer For Steady
Flow Systems

i. Conservation of Mass Principle

ii. Flow Work

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 Open Systems

Mass in (min)

msys

Mass out (mout)

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 Conservation of Mass

• Mass & Energy can be converted to each other according to Einstein

formula: E = mc2
• Change of mass into energy, except for nuclear reactions, is extremely small. Hence,
we resort to conservation of mass and energy principle.

min - mout = Δ msys (kg) ‘Mass Balance Eq.’

• • •
or min - mout = Δ msys (kg/s) ‘Continuity Eq.’

• •
where, m = mass flow rate & Δ msys = dmsys / dt

4
 Open Systems

Mass in (min)

mcV=const.

Mass out (mout)

(for steady flow processes : Δ msys = 0 & min = mout )

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 Mass and Volume Flow Rates

•
m =  VA

Area: normal to flow

Fluid density (specific volume)

Fluid velocity

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 Mass and Volume flow rates

The mass flow rate through a differential area dA can be

expressed as:
˙
dm
•
dm =  Vn dA (kg/s)

where,  = fluid density (kg/m3)= 1/v

Vn = velocity component normal to dA

  Vn dA
•
Hence, m = (kg/s)
A

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 In most practical applications, properties such as P, T and  may be
assumed to vary in the flow direction, i.e., all properties are said to be
uniform at any cross section (One-dimensional flow assumption).

 This is true except for the fluid velocity, which

varies due to friction between fluid layers
(Viscous Effect).

 The velocity is considered to be constant

across the entire cross-section.

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By integrating the above equation:

•
m =  Vav A (kg/s)

where, Vav = Average fluid velocity normal to A

The volume flow rate is then given by

V=  Vn dA = Vav A (m3/s)
A

• • •
Thus, m = V/v =  V (kg/s)
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 •
m =  Vav A

Area: normal to flow

Fluid density (specific volume)

Fluid velocity

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 Conservation of Mass

Total mass Total mass

For a steady-flow process: entering CV = leaving CV
per unit time per unit time

or
•
 mi =• me (kg/s)

• •
Most engineering devices involve a single stream: m 1 = m 2

or 1 V 1 A1 = 2 V 2 A 2

or V 1 A 1 / v1 = V 2 A 2 / v2

In general, conservation of volume does not exist, i.e., V1 A1 = V2 A 2

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 Flow work

• For open systems, obviously work must be done to

move the fluid into and out of the control volume.

• It is a form of boundary work.

Flow

“piston” of fluid having m, P, V. A is cross sectional area of pipe.

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 Flow Work

Defined as the energy required to push a fluid in & out

of a CV to maintain a continuous flow.

• The force applied on the fluid element equals: F = PA

• While, the work done in pushing the fluid in or out of

a CV equals:
Wflow = FL = PAL = PV

• Like WB  Wflow is expressed in terms of properties.

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 Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid

The total energy consists of three parts for a non-flowing

fluid and four parts for a flowing fluid ( = e + Pv).

Closed systems Open systems

For Open systems: enthalpy will replace internal energy and flow work.
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 Control Volume Energy Analysis
Flow process type:

1. Steady flow process (e.g., turbine, compressor, HX., .. etc.)

- No properties within CV change with time. Thus, WB is zero for steady flow systems since volume is
constant.
- Uniform properties @ a given CV boundary, i.e., a fluid property is specified by a single averaged
value.
- Heat & work do not change with time.
- For cyclic devices such as Reciprocating engines, the flow at inlets and exits will be pulsating and not
steady. Time-averaged values of properties will be applied.

2. Unsteady flow process (e.g., charging & discharging with emphasis on uniform flow process)

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 Example – Automobile Engine

Fuel in @ T , P Air in @ T , P

Wout Qout

Exhaust out
@T,P
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Pressurized Water Reactor

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 Control Volume Analysis

m• in
Work or
Power
Heat or (+)
Heat transfer rate
•
(+) mout

Remember that: h = u + P v

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 Steady Flow Systems

i. Conservation of Energy
ii. Unit Inconsistencies

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 Energy Balance for a Control Volume

Energy transfer Energy content E

•Heat Q •internal energy U
•Work W •kinetic energy KE
•Mass flow m •potential energy PE

Ein  Eout  Esystem

  

E in  E out   E system
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 Conservation of Energy

0 (steady)
• • •
Ein - Eout = Δ Esystem
or
• •
Ein = Eout

Rate of net energy transfer in Rate of net energy transfer out

by heat, work, and mass
= by heat, work, and mass

• • • • • •
Qin + Win +  mii = Qout + Wout +  mee

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 Conservation of Energy Equation
• • • Vi 2 • • • Ve 2
Qin + Win +  mi hi + + gzi = Qout + Wout +  me he + + gze
2 2

• • Ve 2
• • Vi 2
Q - W =  me he + + gze -  mi hi + + gzi
2 2

For single stream systems:

• • • V2 2 – V 1 2
Q - W = m h2 – h1 + + g(z2 – z1)
2

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 What Do the Terms Mean?

• •
•
Ve 2 •
Vi 2
Q - W =  me he + + gze -  mi hi + + gzi
2 2

Rates of Rate at which Rate at which

heat and energy is energy is
work inter- convected out convected into
actions of the CV. the CV.

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 Unit Inconsistencies

The kinetic and potential energy terms have units of:

m2 ft2
or
s 2
s2

kJ m2
1 = 1000
kg s2

m
1 kJ = 1 kN . m = 1000 kg . .m
s2

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 Unit Calculations

lbm . ft
32.17 s2
1 BTU = 778.17 ft. lbf .
1 lbf
or

BTU ft2
1 = 25033.7
lbm s2

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