Engineering Thermodynamics:

Steady State, Control Volume Devices

Lecture notes by Dr. Abdalla Al-Amiri

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Modified by Dr. Eyas Mahmoud and Dr. Taghreed Al-khalid
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
 First Law Equations for Open
Systems

• •
Conservation of Mass:  mi =  m e

Conservation of Energy:
• • Ve2 Vi 2
• •
Q - W =  me he + + gze -  mi hi + + gzi
2 2

For single stream systems:

• •
m1 = m 2

• • • V2 2 – V 1 2
Q - W = m h2 – h1 + + g(z 2 – z1)
2

2
 Systematic Problem Solving Process

• Similar to process used for closed system analysis

• Draw diagram of system, noting heat and work interactions, and the sense (+/-)
with respect to control volume boundaries
• List known properties, and key assumptions (adiabatic, etc.)
• Draw property diagrams (T-v or P-v) to understand process direction
• Write out energy and mass flow equations
• Refer to key assumptions and known conditions to simplify these equations
• Obtain property values from tables, evaluation of Ideal Gas Law, etc., and insert
in “1st Law” energy and mass flow equations
• Solve for unknowns to fix states, find other properties, as required
• Audit your results for “reasonable” magnitude, +/- sense of work and heat
transfer
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 Analysis of Open System Devices in
(Steady-flow Operation)
• Many engineering devices operate essentially under the same conditions for long
periods of time; they operate nonstop for months before the system is shut down
for maintenance.
• Therefore, these devices can be conveniently analyzed as steady-flow devices.

 Nozzles and Diffusers

 Turbines and Compressors
 Throttling Devices
 Mixing Chambers
 Heat Exchangers
 Pipe Flow and Duct
4
 Nozzles and Diffusers

Nozzles and diffusers are shaped so

that they cause large changes in fluid
velocities and thus kinetic energies.

5
 Characteristics of Nozzles and Diffusers
Nozzle: A device which accelerates a fluid as the pressure is decreased.

Vout > Vin

Pout < Pin

Diffuser: A device which decelerates a fluid and increases the pressure.

Vout < Vin

Pout > Pin

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7
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 Nozzles and Diffusers Analysis

  
 Typical assumptions: *
   Ve  Vi
2 2

Q  W  m he  hi   g ze  zi  Work:
none
 2  essentially none, since
  Heat transfer:
these devices are small in
size*
Potential energy change: none
 
V V 2 2
0  he  hi   e i
2
“Enthalpy to kinetic energy” balance V 2inlet - V 2exit
hexit = hinlet +
Single inlet/outlet conservation of mass 2

*Caution: always read problem statements carefully ! 10

 Example Problem

An adiabatic diffuser is employed to reduce the velocity of

a stream of air from 250 m/s to 35 m/s. The inlet pressure
is 100 kPa and the inlet temperature is 300°C.

Determine the required outlet area in cm2 if the mass flow

rate is 7 kg/s and the final pressure is 167 kPa.

11
 Example Problem Solution

Assumptions:
• SSSF (Steady state, steady flow)
 
• Adiabatic + no work 2
V V 2
• potential energy is zero 0  he  hi  
e i

• air is ideal gas

2

INLET
T1 = 300C OUTLET
P2 = 167 kPa
P1 = 100 kPa Diffuser
V1 = 250 m/s V2 = 35 m/s
•
m = 7 kg/s
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 Example Problem Solution

Ans.

Conservation of mass for

a single stream:
m 1  m 2  m

V1 A1 V2 A2
Since  
m 
1 2
 2
m v2 is unknown
Solve for A2 A2 
V2

13
 Example Problem Solution

Q. How do we get specific volumes?

Since P  RT

or  1  RT1 / P1 and  2  RT2 / P2

We know T1 and P1, so v1 is simple. We know P2,

but what about T2?

You Need ENERGY Equation !!!

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 Energy Equation

V22  V12
q  w  ( h2  h1 )   g ( z 2  z1 )
2

V12  V22
So ( h2  h1 ) 
2

• V1 and V2 are given. We need h2 to get T2 and v2.

• If we assumed constant specific heats (Approximate
Solution), we could get T2 directly

V12  V22
c p (T2  T1 ) 
2 15
 Example Problem Solution
Table A-2b: interpolate between 550
Hence,  (250) 2  (35) 2  kJ
 573     602.3 K and 600 K to get Cp= 1.045 kJ/kg.K
 2 1045  kg = 1045 J/kg.K , 1 J/kg=1 m2/s2

where, T1 = 300 + 273 = 573K. However, we may

also use the air tables (A-17) (Exact Solution).
Thus, we obtain h1 at T1 = 300 + 273 = 573K.
kJ
h1  578.73 Hence, interpolate between 600 and 610 K
kg

kJ  (250) 2  (35) 2  m 2  3 kJ s 2  kJ kJ m2

h 2  578.73   

 
2 
 10 
2 
 609.4 1 = 1000
kg  2  s  kg m  kg kg s2

This corresponds to an exit temperature of 602.2 K 16

 Example Problem Solution

Now we can get solution.

RT2 m3
2   1.0352
P2 kg

 kg  m3 
 2 7  1.0352 
m  s  kg 
and A2  
 m  4 m 
2
V2  35  10 
2 
 s  cm 

Hence, A2 = 2070 cm2

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 Turbines and Compressors

mass
flow A turbine is a device that
produces work at the
expense of temperature
and pressure

Turbine Power ( + )

A compressor is a device
that increases the pressure
Heat of a fluid by adding work
Transfer rate to the system
(-)

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 Turbine
A turbine is a device in which work is produced by a gas passing over and
through a set of blades fixed to a shaft which is free to rotate.

•
Wout

• •
min mout

19
 2
0

Gas Turbine
Rotor with Turbine Outlet Casing
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 Turbines and Compressors Analysis

Typical assumptions: *
  

   V 2
 V 2

Work:

+ for turbine, - for compressors Q  W  m he  hi 
e i
 g ze  zi 
2 
Heat transfer: none if adiabatic*  
Potential energy change: none
Kinetic energy change: If inlet / exit velocities referenced,
must be included – otherwise
assume zero

Analysis after simplifications: V i2 - V e2

wT = (hi – he) +
2
Solution of 1st Law energy balance
Single inlet / single outlet conservation of mass
per unit mass
*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !
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 Compressors, Pumps, and Fans

• Machines which do work on a fluid to raise its

pressure, potential, or speed.

• Mathematical analysis proceeds the same as

for turbines, although the signs will differ.

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 Difference Between Compressors,
Pumps, and Fans

• Compressor: used to raise the pressure of a compressible fluid.

• Pump: used to raise pressure or potential of an incompressible fluid

(liquid).

• Fan: primary purpose is to move large amounts of gas, but usually has a
small pressure increase.

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 Compressor Blade Design

Compressor Blades Vanes

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 Compressor and Pump Views

Side view End view of

Compressor pump a
pump

26
27
 Example Problem

Steam enters a turbine at 1000 psia and 1000F with a

velocity of 21.0 ft/s and leaves as a dry saturated vapor at
2 psia. The turbine inlet area is 1 ft2 and the outlet area is
140 ft2.
A) What is the mass flow (lbm/hr)?
B) What is the exit velocity (ft/s)?

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 Example Problem Solution

Draw Diagram

STATE 1 STATE 2
1
P1 = 1000 psia
T1 = 1000F P2 = 2 psia
Turbine
V1 = 21.0 ft/s x2 = 1.0

A1=1 ft 2 A2=140 ft2

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 Example Problem Solution

State assumptions
• Steady state (dm/dt = 0)
• One inlet/one outlet
• Uniform properties at inlet and outlet

Apply conservation of mass (steady state):

m  VA 1  VA 2

 VA   VA 
m      
 v 1  v  2
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 Example Problem Solution

Get property data from steam tables:

v1  0.831 ft / lbm
3 Table A-6E v2  173.75 ft / lbm
3 Table A-5E

ft
21.0 (1 ft 2 )
s s
m  3
(3600 ) Saturated steam @ 2 psia
ft hr
0.831
lbm

m  90,975 lbm / hr
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 Example Problem Solution

Exit Velocity

 VA 
m   
 v 2
ft 3 lbm
173 . 75 (90,975 )
vm lbm hr hr
V2   2
( )
A 140 ft 3600 s

V2  31.4 ft / s

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 Throttling Valves

- Any kind of flow-restricting devices, cause major pressure drop ΔP accompanied by large ΔT.

- Often used for Refrigeration and A/C applications.

For example, the water that
mass flow in comes into your house goes
through a throttling valve, so
it doesn’t have excessive
pressure in your home.

mass flow out

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 Throttling Valve Analysis
Typical assumptions: *

Work: none
Heat transfer: none, if adiabatic*
Potential energy change: none
Kinetic energy change: none, if inlet and exit areas are
the same (this is a common
assumption)

Analysis after simplifications:

Enthalpy at inlet = Enthalpy at outlet

Single inlet / single outlet conservation of mass hinlet = hexit

*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !

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 Throttling Valve Analysis

Note that, however, heat transfer might be significant for throttling devices
with large exposed surface area such as capillary tubes.

 hin = hout Also, note that:

 Pin > Pout since h2  h1  u2  P2 2  u1  P11
 For gases that are not ideal, the If P2 2  P11 then u2  u1 , i.e., T2  T1
temperature goes down in a
throttling valve For an ideal gases: h  h(T )  T2  T1

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 Mixing Chambers

Mixing two or more

fluids is a common
engineering process
Moderate fluid flow velocity to
~
give good mixing: Δ ke = 0
•
m1
Negligible heat losses to
~
surroundings: Δ pe = 0

•
m3

• • • •
m2 m3 = m1 + m2
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 Mixing Chamber Analysis

• • Ve2 Vi 2
Typical assumptions: * • •
Q - W =  me he + + gze -  mi hi + + gzi
2 2
Work: none
Heat transfer: none, if adiabatic*
Potential energy change: none
Kinetic energy change: none, since fluid velocities are
usually not high to give good
mixing

Analysis after simplifications:

• •
∑ mexit hexit = ∑ m inlet hinlet
We no longer have only one inlet and one exit stream • •
∑ mexit = ∑ minlet

*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !

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 Mixing Chambers

  

m1 h1  m2 h2  m3 h3 Energy Balance

•
   m1

m1  m2  m3 Material Balance

•
m3

•
m2

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 Heat Exchangers

Applications

• Automotive - radiator
• Refrigeration - evaporators/condensers
• Power production - boilers/condensers
• Power electronics - heat sinks
• Chemical/petroleum industry- mixing processes
A heat exchanger is a
device where two moving
fluids exchange heat
without mixing.
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A/C systems & Heat Pumps:
Condensor/Evaporator

40
 Cooling Towers

A type of heat exchanger

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 Example – Heat Exchanger

A heat exchanger can

be as simple as two
concentric pipes.

Your analysis approach will depend on how you define your system
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 Heat Exchanger Analysis

Typical assumptions: *
Work: none
Heat transfer: none – no losses to surroundings
Potential energy change: none
Kinetic energy change: none, since fluid velocities are not high to
permit good heat transfer
Analysis after simplifications:

Single inlet / single outlet conservation of mass for hot and cold fluids separately.

*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !

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 Heat Exchanger Analysis
3
Surroundings

•
mhot
1 2

• • •
• • • 4
Q-W= mhot h2 + mcold h4 – mcold h3 + mhot h1
•
mcold

Enthalpy leaving Enthalpy entering

• •

mhot (h1 – h2) = mcold (h4 – h3) All heat lost by the hot fluid will be gained by the cold fluid

*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !

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 Pipe and Duct Flow

Heat ( + / - )

Heat losses from a hot fluid flowing

through an uninsulated pipe or duct
to the cooler environment may be
Work ( - ) very significant.

Pipe flow: liquids

ΔKE: Negligible for moderate flows & fixed diameter
ΔPE: Can be significant if vertically oriented

Pipe or duct flow may involve more

than one form of work at the Same time.
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 Pipe and Duct Flow Analysis
  

   V  Vi
2 2
Typical assumptions* : Q  W  m he  hi  e  g ze  zi 
 2 
 
Work: Welectric , Wpump or Wfan ( - )
Heat transfer: gains or losses possible
Potential energy change: Possible – vertical liquid flow
Kinetic energy change: possible, but fluid velocities are
not high enough to make this
significant in most cases
Analysis after simplifications:

1st Law energy balance

Single inlet / single outlet conservation of mass

*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !

46
 Pipe and Duct Flow Analysis

Example 5-11: Electric Heating of Air in a House

The electric heating systems used in many houses consist of a

simple duct with resistance heaters. Air is heated as it flows over
resistance wires. Consider a 15-kW electric heating system. Air
enters the heating section at 100 kPa and 17°C with a volume
flow rate of 150 m3/min. If heat is lost from the air in the duct to
the surroundings at a rate of 200 W, determine the exit
temperature of air.

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 Example 5-11 Solution

State assumptions: Apply conservation of mass (steady state):

• Steady state (dm/dt = 0) Δ mCV = 0 and ΔECV = 0.
• Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure
relative to its critical-point values.
• The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, Δke ≌ Δpe ≌ 0
• Constant specific heats at room temperature can be used for air

48
 Example 5-11 Solution
• • • •
Or can use the equation: Q - W =  me he -  mi hi

•
-0.2 – (-15) = m Cp(T2-T1)

Table A-2 @ 300K

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