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Ant Part 1

Antennas are used for radio, television, cellular phones, radar, and more. Their shape and size determine their radiation and impedance properties. Antenna dimensions are often measured in units of the wavelength of the transmitted or received wave. Examples include planar inverted F antennas commonly used in mobile devices due to their small size, and MIMO antennas which use multiple antennas to increase reliability and efficiency. Antenna properties include converting guided waves to electromagnetic waves, reciprocity, and polarization matching between transmitting and receiving antennas.

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30 views17 pages

Ant Part 1

Antennas are used for radio, television, cellular phones, radar, and more. Their shape and size determine their radiation and impedance properties. Antenna dimensions are often measured in units of the wavelength of the transmitted or received wave. Examples include planar inverted F antennas commonly used in mobile devices due to their small size, and MIMO antennas which use multiple antennas to increase reliability and efficiency. Antenna properties include converting guided waves to electromagnetic waves, reciprocity, and polarization matching between transmitting and receiving antennas.

Uploaded by

alaayousefmm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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9.

RADIATION &
ANTENNAS
7e Applied EM by Ulaby and Ravaioli
Overview
Antennas are made in various shapes and sizes (Fig. 9-2) and are used in radio
and television broadcasting and reception, radio-wave communication systems,
cellular telephones, radar systems, and anticollision automobile sensors, among
many other applications.

The radiation and impedance properties of an antenna are governed by its shape,
size, and material properties.

The dimensions of an antenna are usually measured in units of λ of the wave it is


launching or receiving; a 1 m long dipole antenna operating at a wavelength λ = 2
m exhibits the same properties as a 1 cm long dipole operating at λ = 2 cm
(Hence, in most of our discussions in this chapter, we refer to antenna dimensions
in wavelength units).
Examples of Antennas
Our project:
PIFA (Planar Inverted F
Antenna) is one of the most used
in mobile devices, fundamentally
for it reduced size. (details later)
MIMO, or Multiple Input Multiple Output, utilizes multiple antennas at both the
transmitter and the receiver (smartphone) to increase link reliability and spectral efficiency.
Antenna Properties
1. An antenna is a transducer that
converts a guided wave propagating on a
transmission line into an electromagnetic
wave propagating in an unbounded
medium (usually free space), or vice
versa.
2. Most antennas are reciprocal devices,
exhibiting the same radiation pattern for
transmission as for reception.

3. Being a reciprocal device, an antenna,


when operating in the receiving mode,
can extract from an incident wave only
that component of the wave whose
electric field matches the antenna
polarization state.
RECIPROCITY THEOREM

Statement: "In any linear and bilateral network consisting the linear and bilateral
impedance the ratio of voltage V applied between any two terminals to the
current I measured in any branch is same as the ratio V to I obtained by
interchanging the positions of voltage source and the ammeter used for current
measurement."

The ratio V to I is generally called transfer impedance. Here both the voltage
source and ammeter are assumed to have zero impedance. This theorem holds
good if both, voltage source and ammeter have same internal impedances.

This theorem is equally useful in the circuit theory as well as the field theory. Let
us consider that the antenna system is represented as a 4-terminal network with
pair of terminals at input and another pair of terminals at the output. It is also
called two port network as pair of terminals is defined as port. The 4-terminal
representation of the antenna system is as shown in the Fig. 10(a). Note that the
pair of terminals or ports are nothing but the terminals of the dipoles as shown in
the Fig. 10 (b).
The directional function characterizing the relative distribution of power radiated by an
antenna is known as the antenna radiation pattern, or simply the antenna pattern.

An isotropic antenna is a hypothetical antenna that radiates equally in all directions,


and it is often used as a reference radiator when describing the radiation properties of
real antennas.
Far-Field Approximation
1. In close proximity to a
radiating source, the wave is
spherical in shape, but at a far
distance, it becomes
approximately a plane wave as
seen by a receiving antenna.

2. The far-field approximation


simplifies the math.

3. The distance beyond which


the far-field approximation is
valid is called the far-field
range (will be defined later).
Near and Far Field Regions

antenna

The field patterns, associated with an antenna, change with distance and are
associated with two types of energy: radiating energy and reactive energy. Hence,
the space surrounding an antenna can be divided into three regions.
Antenna performance
To fully characterize an antenna,
one needs to study its
radiation properties and impedance.

1. The radiation properties include its directional radiation pattern and the
associated polarization state of the radiated wave when the antenna is used in
the transmission mode, also called the antenna polarization.

2. The antenna impedance, pertains to the transfer of power from a generator to


the antenna when the antenna is used as a transmitter and, conversely, the
transfer of power from the antenna to a load when the antenna is used as a
receiver.

It should be noted that throughout our discussions in this chapter it will be


assumed that the antenna is properly matched to the transmission line connected
to its terminals, thereby avoiding reflections and their associated problems.
Radiation sources
Radiation sources fall into two categories: currents and aperture fields.

The dipole and loop antennas [Fig. 9-2(a) and (c)] are examples of current sources;
the time-varying currents flowing in the conducting wires give rise to the radiated
electromagnetic fields.

A horn antenna [Fig. 9-2(g)] is an example of the second group because the electric
and magnetic fields across the horn’s aperture serve as the sources of the radiated
fields. The aperture fields are themselves induced by time-varying currents on the
surfaces of the horn’s walls, and therefore ultimately all radiation is due to time-
varying currents.

The choice of currents or apertures as the sources is merely a computational


convenience arising from the structure of the antenna. We will examine the
radiation processes associated with both types of sources.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gg4iKpW1cVk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMI-NeQMJIg&t=246s

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