Collection,

Organization and
Presentation of Data
PRIMARY
SOURCES
of data include government
offices, private organizations,
establishments and recognized
individuals who have first hand
information about an event. SECONDARY
SOURCES
data maybe obtained from sources
like newspaper, journals and
magazines.

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The Following are some methods of Collecting data
INTERVIEW MET OD QUESTIONNAIRE
REGISTRATION
– the researcher makes direct MET OD MET OD
and personal contact with the
interviewee. The researcher – the researcher distributes the – this method of collecting data is
gathers data by asking the questionnaires either personally governed by our existing laws.
interviewee series of questions. or by mail and collects them The researcher gathers data from
by the same process. offices concerned.

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION TEXTING MET OD

MET OD MET OD – the researcher may ask or invite
individuals to text opinions or
– this method of collecting data is – the researcher maybe observe
used to find out the cause and certain issues or send in their
subjects individually or group of
effect relationship of certain individuals to obtain data and choices on their brand preferences
phenomena under controlled information related to the on a particular product using their
conditions. objectives of the investigation. cellphones.

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Determining the Sample Size
Most surveys conducted are done on a sample basis
because of time and cost involved if the population is
used. We use Slovin’s formula to determine the
statistically acceptable sample size to be extracted
from the given population.

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 𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 (𝒏) = 𝑵
𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐
Where n = sample size
N = Population size
e = margin of
error
Margin of error is the error we expect to commit in getting the sample
Example
A group of researchers was tasked by the house of
representatives to survey whether students in metro manila favor
the moving of the start of classes from June to September. If there
are 1,000,000 students and 10% margin of error is expected,
compute the sample size.
SOLUTION:
𝑵
𝒏=
𝟏+𝑵𝒆𝟐
𝟏,𝟎𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎
=
𝟏+(𝟏,𝟎𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟎.𝟏)𝟐
= 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎 respondents
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 Sampling Techniques
A sample should not be selected in haphazard way because the information obtained from
the study might be unbelievable and unrealistic. Sampling technique is a method used to
determine which element is to be included in the sample. This procedure is called random
sampling technique or probability sampling technique.

1. LOTTERY SAMPLING
This is also known as raffle.
Each member of the
population is numbered on a 2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
piece of paper.
This is done by numbering
each element of the
population.

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 😉
3. STRATIFIED SAMPLING
We obtained samples by
dividing the population into
strata (groups). If the desired
sample is 50 and there are 10
4. MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING
strata, then we obtain the
sample proportionately from Here, we use combinations of
each stratum. several random sampling
technique in getting the
sample from a very large
population.

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 NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
There are some sampling techniques which are biased and
therefore not reliable such as those samples drawn by researchers
based on their own judgment. Some of the commonly non-
probability sampling techniques that we should refrain from using:

1.
CONVENIENCE
SAMPLING 4. SNOWBALL
2. QUOTA
SAMPLING
This is used SAMPLING 3.
In this method, the
because it is PURPOSIVE
SAMPLING Participants in the study
researcher uses the
convenience to the were tasked to recruit
proportions of the The researcher gets
researcher. another members for
different strata; and his sample from the the study.
from the strata, respondents purposely
selections are done related or close to him.
using quota.

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10
ARRAY METHOD
This method present data in array form, such as
the scores of 40 students in a 20-item test quiz in
Statistics.
2 3 5 9 14 6 15 8 7 12
18 16 4 13 6 9 5 4 9 9
11 12 8 1 8 5 7 14 5 17
15 19 11 3 7 14 12 10 16 7

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TexTUAL FoRm meTHoD
Also called paragraph method, is used to
present purely qualitative data or if there are
only very few numerical data. This method is
desirable and effective when data are presented
in paragraph from using small columns like
those in the newspaper.

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STeM anD LeaF PresenTATion

Using the above data, we can present the scores

in stem and leaf method, as shown in the next
slide.

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 0 1 0
2 1

EAF 3
3
1
2
4 2
4 2
5 3
5 4
5 4
5 4
6 5
6 5
7 6
7 6
7 7
7 8
8 9
8
9
9
9

Stem 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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TABULAR FoRM MeTHoD
Statistical tables are effective devices of presenting both
qualitative and quantitative data. The tables can be used
conveniently to make comparisons and draw relationships
between and among variables. Statistical table shall show the
following components:
*table heading (table number and title)
*body (contains quantitative data)
*stubs (labels that classify values of a variable)
*box heads (captions above columns)
*footnote and source note

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FRequency DisTRiBUTion TABLe
Below is the frequency distribution of the above data.
CLASSES FREQUENCY
1–3 4
4–6 8
7–9 11
10 – 12 7
13 – 15 5
16 – 18 4
19 -21 1
TOTAL 40

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The following data represent the Iqs of 50 police
applicants whos passed the 1st screening test. Construct
a frequency distribution table.

120 118 110 112 120 116 107 120 115 109
117 110 112 114 113 108 112 118 100 125
121 120 111 111 120 110 114 117 127 126
115 117 122 110 105 113 118 118 134 104
111 122 114 109 118 119 118 124 105 134

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 STEP STEP 2
1 DETERMINE THE NUMBER
R = HS – LS OF CLASSES.
FIND THE RANGE
= 134 –
100
Steps K=1+
3.322logn
= 34 =1+
6.64
3.322log50

≈ 7

STEP 3
DETERMINE THE CLASS SIZE.
C = R/K
= 34 / 7
= 4.86
≈
 STEP 4 STEP 5
SELECT A STARTING
CONSTRUCT THE CLASSES OR CLASS
POINT. IT MUST BE THE
INTERVALS.

Steps
SMALLEST VALUE.
= 100
 STEP STEP 8
DETERMINE THE CLASS 7
MARK OR
DETERMINE THE CLASS BOUNDARIES
MIDPOINT OF EACH CLASS INTERVAL
BY ADDING 0.5 TO EACH UPPER

Steps
BY ADDING THE UPPER CLASS AND
LOWER CLASS AND DIVIDING THEIR CLASS AND SUBTRACTING 0.5 FROM
SUM BY 2 EACH OF THE LOWER CLASS

RELATIVE FREQUENCIES, LESS

THAN AND GREATER THAN
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCIES.
RELATIVE FREQUENCY LESS THAN CUMULATIVE GREATER THAN
(%) FREQUENCY (<cf) CUMULATIVE
FREQUENCY (>cf)
4 2 50
12 8 48
30 23 42
26 36 27
18 45 14
6 48 5
4 50 2
100

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 GRAPHS OF
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION

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One of the most widely used graphs of frequency distribution.
In constructing a frequency polygon, we shall follow the
procedures.
1. Frequencies are place on the vertical axis (y-axis).
2. The scores or midpoint of classes are place in the
horizontal axis (x-axis).
3. The ratio of the x-axis to the y-axis should be 3:2 or 4:3.
4. Plot the points and connect consecutive points with straight
line.
5. If the first observation is too far from zero (0), a “break
line” shall be used to indicate that no value exist between 0
and the first observation.

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FREQUENCY (f) CLASS MARK (x)
2 102
6 107
15 112
13 117
9 122
3 127
2 132

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Is a graph that uses bars various heights to represent the
frequencies. The bars may be drawn vertically or horizontally.
The steps in constructing a histogram are as follows:
1. Draw and level the x and y axis. The x-axis is the horizontal
and the y-axis is the vertical axis.
2. Represent the frequencies as the heights on the y-axis and
the class boundaries on the x-axis.
3. Using the frequencies as the heights, draw vertical bars for
each class.

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FREQUENCY (f) CLASS BOUNDARIES
2 99.5 – 104.5
6 104.5 – 109.5
15 109.5 – 114.5
13 114.5 – 119.5
9 119.5 – 124.5
3 124.5 – 129.5
16
2 129.5 – 134.5 14

12

10

0
99.5 104.5 109.5 114.5 119.5 124.5 129.5
Is a bar graph of a frequency distribution used for a
categorical variable. Rules for constructing a pareto chart.
1. Make the bars same with width.
2. Arrange the data from the largest to the smallest
according to their frequencies.
3. Make the units for frequencies equal in size.
FORMS OF GARBAGE NUMBER
PLASTIC (NON-BOTTLE) 18
STICK/BRANCH 15
GLASS BOTTLE 12
PLASTIC BOTTLE 8
CAN 4
SHOES 2
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 FORMS OF SUICIDE NUMBER
PLASTIC (NON-BOTTLE) 18
STICK/BRANCH 15

GLASS BOTTLE 12
PLASTIC BOTTLE 8
CAN 4
Chart Title
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SHOES 2 18
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6
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Is used to show the breakdowns or component parts of a
whole for categorical variables. The steps and procedures in
preparing a pie chart are as follows.
1. Calculate the relative frequency (in decimal) of each
category.
2. Convert the relative frequency (in decimal) by multiplying
by 360 degrees.
3. Draw the circle and construct the % of the categories
obtained in step 2 by using a protractor.

Given the data below, construct a pie chart for the ratio of
male and female using pie chart.
34 male
16 female 29