TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract

Acknowledgement

Introduction

1.1 HISTORY OF MIXED USE BUILDING

1.1.1Before 20th century

The Trajan market was the first collection of covered shops in

several levels

1.1.2 After 20th century

2. What is a mixed use building?

2.1 CONTEXTS IN MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT

2.2 BENEFITS OF MIXED USE BUILDING

2.3 Drawbacks of mixed use

2.4 General Types of mixed-use developments

2.5 Types of contemporary mixed-use

2.6 FUNCTIONAL ROOMS AND PROGRAM

2.7 Residential

2.8 Functional Rooms and programs

a. Small room, 11 sq.m

b. Medium room, 3.6 4.5m

c. Large room, 4.2*4.5 m

Foyer

2.10 Mixed use building design considerations And

specifically for retail shops we need Six basic store layouts
are:

CONCLUSION

II, Case study

II.1 International case studyBurj Al-Arab

I Mast

2 steel exoskeleton

3 reinforced concrete spine fiberglass

4 fabric wall
5 restaurant

6 Helicopter landing pad

Materials used on construction

Local Case Study

Floor Plan Analysis

SPATIAL FLOW & ORIENTATION

2. What is a mixed use building?

Figure 7

A mixed-use building aims to combine three or more uses

into one structure such as residential, hotel, retail, parking,
transportation, cultural, and entertainment.
Whatever the combination, it brings together several uses
within either one building or a small area. Mixed-use
development may be applied to a single building a block or
neighborhood, or in zoning policy across an entire city or
other administrative unit. These projects may be completed
by a private developer, (quasi-) governmental agency, or a
combination thereof.

A mixed-use development may be a new construction, reuse

of an existing building or brownfield site, or a combination.

2.1 CONTEXTS IN MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT

Expanded use of mixed-use zoning and mixed-use

developments may be found in a variety of contexts, such as
the following
(multiple such contexts might apply to one particular project
or situation)

As part of smart growth planning strategies

In traditional urban neighborhoods, as part of urban renewal

and/or infill, i.c. upgrading the buildings and public spaces
and amenities of the neighborhood to provide more and/or
better housing and a better quality of life - examples include
Barracks Row in Washington, D.C. and East Liberty, Pittsburgh

increase housing variety, density, and oftentimes affordability

through their focus on multifamily, rather than single-family
housing compounds. A more equal balance between the
supply and demand of jobs and housing is also found in these
districts.

Social

Apartments with ground floor retail and ice skating rink at

Pentagon Row in Arlington, VA.

This development pattem is centered around the idea of

"live, work, play." transforming buildings and neighborhoods
into multi-use entities. Efficiency, productivity, and quality of
life are also increased with regards to workplaces holding a
plethora of amenities.Examples include gyms, restaurants,
bars, and shopping. Mixed-use neighborhoods promote
community and socialization through their bringing together
of employees, visitors, and residents.
Environmental

Mixed-use neighborhoods and buildings have a strong ability

to adapt to changing

social and economic environments. When the COVID-19

pandemic hit, New York

retailers located on long, commercially-oriented blocks

suffered severely as they were

no longer attracting an audience of passersby. By combining

multiple functions into

one building or development, mixed-use districts can build

resiliency through their

ability to attract and maintain visitors.[20]

2.3 Drawbacks of mixed use

Equity

Due to the speculative nature of large scale real estate

developments, mega-mixed-use projects often fall short on
meeting equity and affordability goals. High-end residential,
upscale retail, and Class A office spaces appealing to high-
profile tenants are often prioritized due to their speculative
potential.

Financing

Mixed-use buildings can be risky given that there are

multiple tenants residing in one development.[17] Mega-
mixed-use projects, like Hudson Yards, are also extremely
expensive. This development has cost the City of New York
over 2.2
billion
dollars.[23] Critics argue that taxpayer dollars could better
serve the general public if

spent elsewhere.

Aesthetics

Mixed-use projects may be seen as disjointed from the

surrounding environment. Designs that preserve local
character, histories, and charm are in conflict with those that
represent economic growth and modernity.[16] Mixed-use
projects are often at the center of this clash.

2. 4 General Types of mixed-use developments

1. Main Street

The "Main Street" model has survived the urban decline to

return and energize urban communities in towns and cities
alike across North America. However, in the modern version,
mom-and-pop shops have been largely replaced with
services, hospitality, and entertainment venues, while still
containing dwelling units above or behind the storefronts.
Have a peek at the Princeton Junction Transit Village in
Princeton, NJ, for a contemporary example of the Main
Street concept.

2. Shopping Mall/Department Store Conversion

As electronic commerce took America by storm, many brick-

and-mortar retail businesses simply could not compete and
went out of business. Vacated shopping malls and large
department stores found a new purpose as mixed-use
centers. featuring residential units and businesses better-
suited to compete with e-commerce stores. Such
redevelopments have surfaced across the continent,
breathing new life into defunct, yet precious real estate; just
take a look at what's become of the old Sears building in
Santa Monica.

3. Vertical Mixed-Use Developments

Falling into a broader category of mixed-use developments, a

vertical mixed-use building may house any combination of
businesses. Typically, however, public uses such as
restaurants, coffee shops, government offices, and even
transit facilities congregate on the lower floors, while private
uses the likes of condo units
or hotel

rooms are located higher up. The Metropolis in Downtown

LA is a prime example of this development model.

4. Horizontal Mixed-Use Developments

These combine various single-use buildings in a single,

mixed-use lot. Such an arrangement allows for the
combination of businesses and dwellings to evolve into a
walkable community or even a neighborhood.

In urban areas, horizontal mixed-use developments often

repurpose abandoned buildings. For instance, take Toronto's
Liberty Village - a 19th-century parcel of
land enclosed by railway lines, initially used for institutional
and industrial purposes. While its correctional facilities and
factories shuttered during the 20th century, the ghost
neighborhood got a new lease on life in the early 2000s.
With a series of condo towers popping up, and a myriad of
shops, restaurants, banks, and offices quickly filling up the
old, empty factories, the area evolved into one of the most
vibrant, desired neighborhoods in the city.

2.5 Types of contemporary mixed-use

Some of the more frequent mixed-use scenarios in the

United States are

Figure 8 neighbourhood comercial

Neighborhood commercial zoning -

convenience goods and services, such as convenience stores,
permitted in otherwise strictly residential areas

Fig 5 Neighborhood commercial

✦ Main Street residential/commercial two to three-story

buildings with residential units above and commercial units
on the ground floor facing the street Fig 6 Main Street
residential

✦ Urban residential/commercial - multi-story residential

buildings with commercial and civic uses on ground floor

✦ Office convenience office buildings with small retail and

service uses oriented to the office workers

Office/residential multi-family residential

units within

office building(s)

Shopping mall conversion - residential and/or office units

added (adjacent) to an existing standalone shopping mall Fig
7 Office/residential

Retail district retrofit - retrofitting of a suburban retail area to

a more village-like appearance and mix of uses

Figure 9 studio light comercial

Live/work residents can operate small businesses on

the .3ground floor of the building where they live
Studio/light industrial residents may operate studios or small
workshops in the building where they live

✦ Hotel/residence mix hotel space and high-end multi-family

residential.

Fig 8 hotel residence

Parking structure with ground-floor retail

✦ Single-family detached home district with standalone

shopping center

2.6 FUNCTIONAL ROOMS AND PROGRAM

2.6.1 Commercial/Retail shops

Storefronts and display windows are important to the store

designer of
commercial part. A successful

store or shop is one that is designed to merchandise in

addition to looking good. A store can be divided into two
principal parts: the exterior, which gives identification,
encompasses the storefront, show windows, and displays,
and the interior, where the promise of the storefront display
is delivered.

Room sizes

Shops with one customer's aisle only are usually 3.6 to 4.5 m
wide and 15 to 18 m long.

Banks
New bank merchandising systems have been followed by a
new bank architecture which no longer needs to follow the
old idiom that a bank must retain it's aloof dignity.

Public spaces

A. Lobby. This must be easily accessible to the public 11

contains reception/ information, loan officers, tellers, and
check-writing desks. Fig 8. Banks

B. Tellers are usually located at one side of the bank to allow

for expansion. This is usually considered to be the most
flexible of all schemes..

C. Officers' platform. This should provide open space for

contact officers, cubicles for collection officers, and offices
for the
installment loan and commercial loan officers. A conference
room should be provided in this area unless the need
warrants more than one.

D. Access to the safety deposit vault should be provided for

customers. Access to the money vault for tellers should be
provided.

→ Operations.

This is the department that makes sure the bank is run on a

steady, professional basis. It takes care of all the

clerical work required to run the bank and keep its records in
order.

A. Bookkeeping department. This should be in close

proximity to tellers, since this is
where the tellers receive and give all the information they
need.

B. Proof department. This is not accessible to the public. It

can be separated from the other areas, but should be fairly
close to the data processing area.

C. Data processing area. Special air conditioning is required

here. False floors are recommended to house the electric
cables.

D. Clerical, mail, and other various minor services as required

by the individual situation. The mail room is usually located
in close proximity to the proof department.
E. Fireproof records vault, to service proof, trust, and
bookkeeping departments. This does not have to be adjacent

to all three, but access must be provided for all three.

F. Safety deposit vault, fireproof. This provides boxes for the

storage and safekeeping of customers' valuables.

1. Trust department. This is one of the bank's major services

to the public. It is here that trusts, probates, accounts,

etc., are put in effect and carried out. This area also needs a
lawyers' department.

J. Auditorium/meeting room able to seat 200 to 300. This

room is mostly used by the public and is often loaned rent
free.
Rest room facilities, a stage, storage space, and coffee bar
should be included. This room should be thought of as an all-
purpose room. In addition to serving as a meeting room, it
will facilitate the training of bank personnel.

Executive suite.

Figure 11 Bookshop

Usually includes offices for the senior vice- presidents, board

members, and president plus all the personnel they need to
continue their business. A conference room and board of
directors' meeting room are required.

Book shop

Each customer in a bookshop requires

privacy, direct access to the books displayed, and sufficient
light for comfortable vision while reading. Book buying
customers like to browse, and nothing is less attractive to
them than crowded circulation.

Men's & women's wear

MEN'S WEAR

MEN'S WEAR Counters and clerks' aisles are seldom, if ever,

included in clothing sales space, but are ordinarily required in
combination with wall cases for haberdashery and
accessories. One or more fitting rooms are necessary in
clothing departments; a small fitting
platform, one step high and approximated 1.2 m by 1.2 m. is
sometimes needed. Chairs and smoking stands are standard
equipment. "Daylight" lighting fixtures aid in matching or
determining colors.

Non selling Areas

Stock rooms, with space for about 20 percent of the store's

total stock, are usually sufficient for peak-load seasons. If
alterations to clothing are made on the premises, a tailor
shop, with water and electrical connections for pressing and
sewing machines, is required.

Women's wear

In shop for women's clothing & haberdashery, the turnover

of stock must be rapid.as styles quickly become
obsolete. Most articles, other than accessories which are
easily damaged or lost, are currently at least partly sold on a
self-service basis. The minimum area can be 4 by 6 ft. larger
shops may have a complete alteration department. Sales &
display area

SUPERMARKETS

Architecturally, the supermarket is a large scale emporium of

merchandise that doesn't have to shout to be noticed. New,
free-standing supermarkets average 2,108sq m to 2.879sqm
with 75 to 80 percent of the total store devoted to selling
space and the remaining 20 to 25 percent of floor space
devoted to service areas
such as storage coolers, prepackaging areas, grocery storage,
etc

GIFT SHOPS

Merchandise is seldom bought without seeing and handling

either the actual object or a sample. Cleaning and arranging
such a varied, fragile stock is a serious maintenance problem.

JEWELRY SHOPS

Jewelry stores range from the small shop which sells fine,
expensive, and exclusive items to the commercial credit store
which displays and sells in volume, and then to the costume
jewelry shop

Figure 13 BARBER SHOP.

BARBER SHOP The typical five-chair barber shop can be
accommodated in a store 14 by 42 in size. A shop for a small
community ordinarily has a single shampoo

BEAUTY SHOP

The typical small beauty shop has to contain at least six to

eight booths in order for do enough business to be
successful. If manicuring is to be done in booths, 20% of the
shop's total area is devoted to waiting room. If manicure
tables (15 by 30 in., with 5 ft. Between tables) have to be
placed in waiting space, the 20% proportion may have to be
enlarged.

Offices

Core locations are Central (interior), Off-

center (interior),Split (interior) and Exteriors

Types of offices

They are 5 alternative types of offices

-1.25m grid module, three module spaces only.

-grid module 1.50m, and various widths.

-room depth 20-30m floor area up to 1ooom.

-for 15-20 employees, workstations no more than 7.50m

from the facade.

-all single room approx., 10m with a common area 6-8 m

deep.

Private Offices
The private office is the most controversial problem facing
the space planner. The assignment of private offices and the
type of partitioning to be used are issues to be settled by top
management acting on the advice and recommendations of
the space planner. Private offices should be assigned
primarily for functional reasons. The following are some of
the factors requiring consideration prior to making the
assignment

Sizes of Private Offices

It is desirable that private offices be a minimum of 9 sq m

and a maximum of 28 sq m each in size, depending upon the
requirements of the occupant. See sketches of most widely
used private offices. Only in cases where it is necessary
for the occupant to meet with delegations of 10 or more
people at least once a day should the size

RESTAURANTS AND EATING PLACES

Adequacy of space will influence building and operating costs

and efficiency. When space is too small, labor time end effort
are likely to increase end the volume and quality of output
decrease. When it is too large, building and maintenance
costs are excessive.

Types of Food Operations. Type of operation

Square meter per seat

Cafeteria, commercial.......1.6
Cafeteria, college and industrial.......1-1.5

Cafeteria, school lunchroom..0.8-1.2

College residence, table service......1-1.4

Counter service.....1.6-1.8

Table service, hotel, club restaurant1.4-1.6

Table service, minimum Eating1-1.3

Banquet, minimum......0.9-1

2.7 Residential

What is a Residential Building?

Residential building is a building made up of one or more

rooms used for housing,
with the necessary facilities and utilities that satisfy the living
requirements of a person or family.

A residential building is defined as the building which

provides more than half of its floor area for dwelling
purposes. In other words, residential building provides
sleeping accommodation with or without cooking or dining
or both facilities.

Types of Residential Building

1.Single detached house-A single dwelling not attached to

any other dwelling or structure (except its own garage or
shed). A single-detached house has open space on all sides,
and has no dwellings either above it or below it. A mobile
home fixed
permanently to a foundation is also classified as a single-
detached house.
2. Semi detached house-One of two dwellings attached side
by side (or back to back) to each other, but not attached to
any other dwelling or structure (except its own

garage or shed). A semi-detached dwelling has no dwellings

either above it or below it, and the two units together have
open space on all sides.

3.Row house-One of three or more dwellings joined side by

side (or occasionally side to back), such as a townhouse or
garden home, but not having any other dwellings either
above or below. Townhouses attached to a high-rise building
are also classified as row houses.

4. Apartment or flat in a duplex-One of two

dwellings, located one above the other, may or may not be
attached to other dwellings or buildings.

5.Apartment in a building that has Five or more storey -A

dwelling unit in a high- rise apartment building which has five
or more storey

6.Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storey

7. Other single attached house-

A dwelling unit attached to other dwelling units, commercial

units, or other non- residential space in a building that has
fewer than five storey. A single dwelling that is attached to
another building and that does not fall into any of the other
categories. such as a single dwelling
attached to a non-residential structure (e.g., a store or a
church) or occasionally to another residential structure (e.g.,
an apartment building).

8. Movable dwelling

Includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as

houseboats and railroad

cars. Again in another scene there is also a classification type

of the following.
2.8 Functional Rooms and programs

Living zone

The living zone is the main part of the house that is

accessible for all the owners and also for the guests. This is
the area that usually becomes the showplace. This area is
roughly 1/3 of the house and
serves a variety of functions. It is the location for family get-
together, dining, recreation, entertaining.

The living area is composed of a number of rooms. They

include the living room, dining room, foyer, recreation or
family room and special-purpose rooms such as a sunroom or
home office.

Living Room

In Western architecture, a living room, also called a lounge

room, lounge, sitting room, or drawing room, is a room for
relaxing and socializing in a residential house or apartment.
Such a room is sometimes called a front room when it is near
the main entrance at the front of the house. In large, formal
homes, a sitting room is often a small private living area
adjacent to
a bedroom.

The living room is the center for most activities. It may serve
as a temporary rest place, gathering area or conversation
place, playroom, TV room.

Programming and Planning Considerations of living rooms

Convenient access should be provided to doors, windows,
electric outlets, thermostats, and supply grills. generally the
considerations can be listed as.

SIZE

DIMENSIONS IN MT.+(AREA)

LARGE

6.718.53(57.24)
MEDIUM

4.88 6.01(29.33)

DIMENSIONS IN FT.+(AREA)

22×28(616)

16x20(320)

SMALL

3.66 5.49(20

12 x 18(216)

VERY

SMALL
3:05 3.66(11.16)

10x12(120)

1. Location should not be such that a natural traffic pattern

will be established through it to other parts of the house.

2. Should be placed on the ground floor

3. The use of large windows is common because it creates a

feeling of spaciousness

4. The design/ style, should follow the exterior design/style

Typical furniture groups in the living room are as follows:

1. Primary conversation group: chairs and sofa normally
grouped around the fireplace.

2. Secondary conversation group: chairs and love seat at end

of room or in corner

3. Reading group or groups: chair, ottoman, lamp, table

4. Writing or study group: desk, lamp, one or two chairs,

bookcases

5. Music group: piano, bench, storage space

6. Game group: game table and four chairs

7. Television group: television set and seating for several

people
Dining Room

Most modern homes today have a dining room. Its main

function is to provide a special place for eating

Considerations

1.The Room size depends on the respective number of

people who will use the furniture, facility and clearance for
traffic.

a. Small room, 11 sq.m

b. Medium room, 3.6*4.5m

c. Large room, 4.2*4.5 m

2. Typical dining room furniture includes the table, chairs,

buffet, china closet, and
server or cart

3. An ideal location places the dining room between the

living room and kitchen.

4. When designing the room, you must determine if you

want an open or closed plan

a. An open plan enhances the rooms function and efficiency

5. Controlled lighting is desirable because it controls the

mood of the room Space

Furniture Sizes:

Portable Tables, round 2'-7" to 5'-10" diam ✔Portable Tables,

rectangular: 2'-6" to 4'-0"
by 3'-6" to 8'-0"; or 2'-0" to 4'-0" square

✓ Dining Chairs, portable: l'-6" to 2'- O" by 1'-6" to 1-10

✓ Serving Table: 2'-6" to 3'-6" by 1'-2" to 1'-9"

✓ Sideboard or Buffet: 4'-0" to 6'-6"

3.1.2 Kitchens

It is used for preparation of meals, food preservation, storage

of food and utensils, and also, in many cases, for eating,
laundering, entertaining, and child care.

1889
One sided kitchen

U-shaped kitchen

Ushaped kitchen with dising an

Figure 15 Kitchens

LARGE

MEDIUM

3.05 x 487(14.85)

SMALL

3.05 X 2.44(6-10)

VERY SMALL

3.65 x 6.09(22.23)
2.13 X 2.75(5.85)

12 x 20(240)

10x 16(160)

10 x 08(80)

07.x.09(63)

Figure 16 Bedroom

Sleeping zone

Bedroom

A bedroom is a room in a house for the bed, so it's mainly

used for sleeping. If you live in a one-bedroom apartment, it
has exactly one room for the bed. A well-
designed bedroom can incorporate all the furniture we
require without making it a cramped space. Fig 12 bedrooms

Furniture arrangements In bedrooms.

The location of doors and windows should permit alternate

furniture arrangements.

Three-seat sofa: 38-inches deep by 90-inches wide.

Love seat: 38-inches deep by 60- inches wide.Armchair: 35-

inches deep by 35-inches wide.

Coffee Table: 48-inches long by 30- inches wide

Square end table: 24-inches long by 24-inches wide

Rectangular end table: 28-inches long by 25-inches wide

Four-shelf bookcase: 54-inches tall by 45-inches wide.

Bed Room Types

1. Master Bedroom

2. Children's Bedroom

3. Guest Bedroom.

4.Maid's bedroom

Bathroom
A bathroom or washroom is a room, typically in a home or
other residential building, that contains either a bathtub or a
shower (or both). The inclusion of a wash basin is common.

Bathroom Building Codes and Recommendations

Below is a summary of what one should consider 16 of the

most important NKBA (National kitchen and bath association)
bathroom design guidelines. This also includes the relevant
codes for comparison.

1. Entry door openings

1. Doors should be at least 81 cm wide.

2. For 81cm of clear width, the door width

(from jamb to jamb) should be 86 cm.

3. Since 86 cm is not a standard door width, most designers

spec a 91.4 door, which is not usually a special order.

4. To meet ADA universal design standards, plan on 86 cm. of

clear opening, or a 91.4 cm door.

5. There are some exceptions for situations where it's

impossible to fit a 34" door. allowing a 24" door in those
circumstances.

2. Door interference

Good design dictates that the entry door doesn't bump into
the shower door or cabinet doors or drawers.
3. Ceiling height

Bathrooms must have a minimum ceiling height of 203 cm in

front of fixtures, which is less than the 228 cm ceiling height
required in most rooms.

The 76.2x76.2 cm area in front of a shower head must also

be 203 2cm in height. The recommended ceiling height over
sinks and other fixtures (basically. wherever you can't walk) is
only 152.4cm.

4. Clear floor space

At least 21" is required between the toilet, bidet, and sink

and any opposite wall or other fixture.

At least 24" is required in front of the shower entry.

Building code only requires 21" of floor space in front of the
toilet or sink, but that feels quite cramped, so the NKBA
recommendation is 30".

5. Sink spacing

The minimum distance from the center line of the sink to a

wall is 15". There must be 4" between the edge of a free-
standing or wall-hung sink and the wall. (This makes it easier
to clean between the edge of the vanity and the wall.)

In some recommendations 20" from the center of the sink to

the closest wall or other tall obstacle. This extra bit of elbow
room makes it more comfortable to wash your hands.
6. Distance between double sinks

The distance between the center lines of two sinks must be

at least 30". Freestanding or wall hung sinks should have at
least 4" of space between them. In some recommendations
at least 36" between the center lines of two
sinks. When in doubt, go with smaller sinks so there is more
room in between. This extra space ensures that you won't
bump elbows with the person using the sink next to you.

7. Vanity height

Vanities should be 32"-34" in height. In the old days, 32"

vanities were the norm, with the goal of accommodating
both kids and adults. Nowadays, standard practice is to
customize them to be comfortable for
adult users. Kids can use stools, which can even be on a pull-
out mechanism built into the vanity.

8. Countertop corners

Countertop corners shouldn't be sharp.

Chambered or rounded corners should be installed for safety.

9. Shower size

The minimum interior shower size is 30" x 30" or 900 square

inches, in which a disk of 30" in diameter must fit. (In most
places, the shower head must also be inside this imaginary
disk.)

The code minimum is 30" x 30", but 36" square is much more
comfortable.
10. Grab bar

There are no international code prescriptions for grab bars.

Plan grab bars. Even if you don't need them now, grab bars
(or blocking within the walls) should be installed 33" - 36"
above the floor in the shower.

11. Non-slip floors

No international code requirements for flooring type.

Recommends non-slip floors. Don't install any slippery

flooring in your bathroom (including your shower floor).
Ceramic tile floors should have a coefficient of friction (COF)
rating of at least 0.5 when wet.
12. Toilet placement

A minimum distance of 15" is required from the center line of

a toilet to any bath fixture, wall, or other obstacle.

Give your toilet some space. The distance from the center
line of your toilet bowl to the nearest wall or obstacle should
be at least 18". Only use the 15" minimum code requirement
if you have a very small bathroom and can't accommodate
the extra distance.

Basic rooms

Small

Average
Large

Ave. Area(sq ft)

Living room

12*18

16 20

22 28

320

Dining room

10*12

1016
15 16

160

kitchen

5*10

10*16

12 20

160

Bed room

10*10

12 12

14 16
144

bathroom

57

749

912

63

Maid's room

2.5*3m

3*4m

4*4m
129.6

Office

2.5*3m

3*4m

4*4m

129.6

Pantry

2.5*3m

2.8*3m

3*3m

90.4
Veranda

1.8 2.5

1.8*3

23

58.12

Guest room

3*3.2

3*3.6

3*4

116.2
Figure 17ZONING

ZONING TECHNIQUES

Zoning is the division of a living space into functional zones

that meet the basic needs and lifestyle of the owner of the
apartment. With its help, you can create a modern interior,
and the Ле absence of major partitions will make the room
more spacious and bright, thanks to the unhindered access
of sunlight from the windows after saying this we have to
discuss about how to zone functions.

Fig 13 room zoning methods

Aesthetic Requirements

Aesthetics is a core design principle that defines a design's

pleasing qualities. In
visual terms, aesthetics includes factors such as balance,
color, movement, pattern, scale, shape and visual weight.
Designers use aesthetics to complement their designs'
usability, and so enhance functionality with attractive
layouts. As aesthetics concerns an appreciation of beauty, it
is influenced by the subjective

taste of an individual. Like painting and sculpture,

architecture can be considered a visual art to which the
philosophy of aesthetics can be applied.

Foyer

A foyer is an area at the front of the home, entered after

passing through the front door. The foyer connects a home's
entrance with the rest of the interior. Some
foyers have the feel of a room, while other entry areas
resemble hallways (in some cases, these may be called
"entryways")

1. Floor must be made of a material that is not affected by

water or dirt

2. Must have a coat closet

A. Minimum size of 2'x 3', inside dimensions

B.Common size is 12'x 20"

3. Good lighting

4. Size of Foyer will be determined by:

2. 10 Mixed use building design considerations

2.10.1 Site planning

The design of each mixed-use project site shall contribute to

the evolving sense of place and character in the City. Site
planning guidelines consider the internal organization of a
development project and the external relationship with the
public right-of-way and other projects.

2.10.2 Building Placement

Buildings shall be constructed near or along the front

property line(s). A "zero setback" from the front property
line(s) is encouraged. Variations in the zero setback from the
property line(s) may be appropriate when the resulting
setback provides greater accommodation for pedestrian
circulation, sidewalk dining areas, enhanced entries, and
improves the
pedestrian realm.

Street Orientation

Mixed-use buildings shall be sited and oriented so that the

primary commercial

building entry is Located along the public sidewalk, which is

the main pedestrian route. The main pedestrian access point
to the building shall be located along the facade that is
oriented to the primary street.

Buildings on corner lots shall have the Primary entry facing

the intersection. Corner entries help create an active public
realm and reinforce significant street and sidewalk
intersections.
Site Coverage

Site coverage is a control for the purpose of preventing the

adverse effects of over development, there by safeguarding
sunlight and daylight within or adjoining a proposed layout of
buildings. Site coverage is the percentage of the site covered
by building structures, excluding the public roads and
footpaths. Site coverage is a tool particularly relevant in
urban locations where open space and car parking standards
may be relaxed. The plan sets out recommended standards
for the city Centre, district Center's and the Georgian core.
These standards are intended to be indicative only. The
special considerations, which apply to plot ratio, will also
apply to site coverage.

2.1.3 Sunlight
Objectives

To ensure building envelopes and internal layouts minimize

energy consumed for heating and cooling.

To ensure optimum winter sunlight to north facing windows

of living areas and private

open space, and appropriate shading to north and west

facing glazing in summer.

To ensure a reasonable level of direct sunlight access to

common open space and

Site facilities

Site facilities are the functional

components of an apartment development, and include
parking, storage, clothes drying and services.

These guidelines provide appropriate site facilities that are

convenient, accessible and