Mathematics in the Modern World

STATISTICS
 LESSON 1
DATA MANAGEMENT
&
BASIC CONCEPTS IN STATISTICS
 Data Gathering and Organizing Data
 is a collection of facts, such as numbers, words, measurements,
observations or just descriptions of thing.

Two Categories of Data

1. Qualitative Data - Also called attribute data are typically associated
with inherent characteristics of the items under consideration.
However, attribute data are not easy to analyze using numerical
techniques.
Example: If we are studying human beings, the following
characteristics may be considered attributes: color of the hair,
race, color of the eyes, types of car driven, etc
2. Quantitative Data – Also called as numerical data result from a
process that quantifies which includes counts of (how many) or
measurements (length, weight, and so on). Classification of
Quantitative data o Discrete numerical data - data that
represents counts

Example: The number of people living in Brgy. San Isidro The score
in a basketball game The number of books in ICCT Cainta Library
 Classification of Quantitative data
1. Discrete numerical data - data that represents counts
Example: The number of people living in Brgy. San Isidro.
The score in a basketball game.
The number of books in ICCT Cainta Library
2. Continuous numerical data - data that represents measurement

Example: The height of the basketball player.

The volume of weekly garbage produced by Brgy. 123
 Classification of Data
Using the Four Levels of Measurement

 The nominal level of measurement classifies data into

mutually exclusive (non-overlapping)
categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on
the data.
Example: Gender (male, female), Zip Code, Color,
Nationality, Political affiliation, Religious
affiliation.
 The ordinal level of measurement classifies data into
categories that can be ranked; however,
precise differences between the ranks do not exist.
Example: Grade(A,B,C,D,F), Rating Scale/Likert scale,
Ranking of tennis players, Judging (First place, second
place, etc
 The interval level of measurement ranks data, and precise
differences between units of measure do exist; however,
there is no meaningful zero.
Example: Temperature, IQ, SAT score

 The ratio level of measurement possesses all the

characteristics of interval measurement, and
there exists a true zero. In addition, true ratios exist when the
same variable is measured on two
different members of the population
 Sources of Data
The analysis of data begins with the acquisition of data. For
the analysis of data to be meaningful, the data must be a
representative of the population under consideration.
The art of gathering data is called sampling.

Population and Sample

The total collection of all the elements that we are interested
in is called a population. A subgroup of the population that
will be studied in detail is called a sample.
 Sampling and Sampling Techniques Sampling
.
 refers to the process of obtaining samples from the
population.
 Sampling maybe categorized as either probability sampling
or non-probability sampling.
Probability sampling, also referred to as random sampling, is the
method of sampling in which every member of the population
have equal chance of being selected as sample; otherwise, it is
considered as non-probability sampling. We should note that in
able to properly use the techniques of statistical inference,
probability sampling must be used to obtain samples
 Probability Sampling Techniques
 Simple Random Sampling.
A probability sampling technique wherein all possible subsets
consisting of n elements selected from the N elements of the
population have the same chances of selection.
 Systematic Random Sampling.
This is a probability sampling technique wherein the selection
of the first element is at random and the selection of other
elements in the sample is systematic by subsequently taking
every kth element from the random start where k is the
sampling interval.
Stratified Random Sampling.
A probability sampling method where we partition the
population into non-overlapping strata or group and then a
proportional sample is chosen from each strata. The actual
sample is the sum of the samples derived from each strata.
 Cluster Random Sampling.
A probability sampling technique wherein we partition the
population into non-overlapping groups or clusters
consisting of one or more elements, and then select
a sample of clusters. Every member of the selected cluster will
be considered as a sample
 Sample Size Considerations
• The sample size is typically denoted by n and it is always a
positive integer. No exact sample size can be mentioned
here and it can vary in different research settings. However,
all else being equal, large sized sample leads to increased
precision in estimates of various properties of the
population. To determine the sample size we can apply one
of the following methods:
 Slovin’s Formula.
 Slovin’s formula is used to calculate the sample size n given
the population size and a margin of error E. It is a formula
use to estimate sampling size of a random sample from a
given population. We can compute

n = N/ (1 + NE2) ;
where N is the population size, n sample size and E is the
margin of error.
 Basic Concept
STATISTICS

 is defined as a branch of mathematics which is

concerned with facilitating wise decision making in
the face of uncertainty and that, therefore develops
and utilizes techniques for collection, effective
presentation, and proper analysis of data.
 Branches of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics is concerned with the description and
summarization of data, It deals with the techniques used in
the collection, presentation, organization, and analysis of
the data on hand.
2. Inferential Statistics is concerned with the drawing of
conclusions from data. It deals with the techniques used in
generalizing from samples to populations, performing
estimations and hypothesis tests determining relationships
among variables, and making predictions.
 Presentation of Data
 After data have been collected, the researcher can now
present them in the following logical methods.

1. Textual Form. Data are presented in paragraph of text.

The text highlights the important figures
or results that the researcher wishes to focus on.

2. Tabular Form. Data appears in a systematic manner in rows

and columns
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