FORENSIC SCIENCE

Forensic Science & Technology Advancement

DRx Deepak Jatav- B.Pharmacy

Aayushi Namdev – B.Sc. Forensic Science
Introduction to Forensic
Science
•Forensic science is the application of
scientific methods and techniques to
solve crimes and analyze evidence. It
encompasses a wide range of disciplines,
including biology, chemistry, and digital
technology. The field plays a crucial role
in criminal investigations, providing
valuable insights to law enforcement and
the justice system.
 Importance of Forensic Science in
Criminal Investigations
Evidence Analysis Crime Scene Establishing Guilt or Providing Expert
and Identification: Reconstruction: Innocence: Forensic Testimony: Forensic scientists
Forensic science allows Forensic experts use their evidence can be crucial in often serve as expert witnesses in
for the examination and knowledge and skills to determining the guilt or court, explaining the scientific
identification of physical reconstruct the sequence innocence of a suspect. methods used in analysis and
evidence found at crime of events leading to a DNA analysis, for example, presenting their findings. Their
scenes, such as DNA, crime. This reconstruction has been particularly testimony helps judges and juries
fingerprints, blood, hair, assists investigators in impactful in exonerating better understand complex
and fibers. This helps understanding how a crime innocent individuals and scientific evidence, contributing to
establish links between occurred, identifying convicting the guilty. fair and just legal outcomes.
suspects, victims, and potential motives, and
crime scenes, providing establishing timelines.
critical information for
investigations.
Importance of Forensic Science in
Criminal Investigations
Cold Case Crime Deterrence: Supporting Law Training and Research:
Resolution: The knowledge that Enforcement: Forensic Forensic science research and
Advances in forensic forensic evidence can be science supports law ongoing training programs help
technologies and used to solve crimes and enforcement agencies by advance methodologies,
methodologies have led identify perpetrators acts as providing them with technologies, and best practices.
to the reopening and a deterrent. Criminals may reliable tools and This continuous improvement
resolution of cold cases, be less inclined to commit techniques to gather and ensures that forensic experts stay
providing closure to offenses if they believe that analyze evidence. This abreast of the latest developments,
victims' families and scientific methods can link enhances the effectiveness contributing to the overall
holding perpetrators them to the crime. of investigations and reliability of forensic evidence.
accountable even years contributes to public safety.
after the crimes were
committed.
Historical Perespective
The historical perspective of forensic
science dates back centuries, and its
evolution can be traced through various
milestones and developments. Here are
key points in the historical development
of forensic science:
 Brief Overview of the History of
Forensic Science
Ancient China (c. 1248–1224 Ancient Rome (27 BCE–476 Middle Ages (5th–15th centuries):
BCE): The earliest recorded use of CE): Roman physician Aulus During this period, trial by ordeal was a common
forensic science can be traced back to Cornelius Celsus contributed to the method of determining guilt or innocence.
ancient China, where the book "Hsi field by emphasizing the importance However, a more rational approach to
Duan Yu" documented the examination of examining crime scenes and investigations began to emerge as legal systems
of crime scenes and the application of victims' bodies. This laid the became more organized.
medical knowledge to solve cases. groundwork for future developments
in forensic medicine.
 Brief Overview of the History of
Forensic Science

16th–18th Centuries: 19th Century: Late 19th–Early 20th

Ambroise Paré in the 16th Significant developments occurred Centuries: The 19th and early
century and scientists like during the 19th century. Sir 20th centuries saw the proposal of
Mathieu Orfila and Carl Wilhelm William Herschel proposed the fingerprint identification by Dr. Henry
Scheele in the 18th century use of fingerprints for Faulds and Sir Francis Galton. This
contributed to the field. identification, while Alphonse period also witnessed the formulation
Toxicology and the study of Bertillon introduced of Locard's Exchange Principle,
poisons gained attention. anthropometry. Dr. Edmond stating that "every contact leaves a
Locard established the first trace."
forensic laboratory in Lyon,
France, in 1910, laying the
foundation for systematic
evidence examination.
Brief Overview of the History of
Forensic Science

20th Century: Forensic science gained widespread 21st Century: The 21st century brought further
acceptance and specialization during the 20th century. advancements, especially in the realm of technology. DNA
Advances in areas such as ballistics, toxicology, and analysis continued to evolve, and digital forensics became
serology marked this period. DNA profiling, a integral to investigations involving electronic devices.
groundbreaking development, emerged in the 1980s and Forensic science expanded to address emerging challenges in
revolutionized forensic identification. cybercrime and terrorism.
Milestones in the development of
Forensic Techniques
Introduction of Autopsy (13th Century): The practice of conducting post-mortem
examinations, or autopsies, began to gain acceptance in the 13th century. This laid the groundwork for
understanding the causes of death and gathering evidence from the deceased.

Use of Fingerprints (Late 19th Century): Sir William Herschel, in British-

controlled India, began using fingerprints for identification purposes in the late 19th century.
This laid the foundation for the later work of Dr. Henry Faulds and Sir Francis Galton,
ultimately leading to widespread acceptance of fingerprinting as a reliable means of
identification.
Bertillonage (Late 19th Century): Alphonse Bertillon introduced anthropometry, a
system of body measurements, to identify individuals. While eventually overshadowed by
fingerprinting, Bertillon's system was an early attempt at scientific criminal identification.
Milestones in the development of
Forensic Techniques
Locard's Exchange Principle (Early 20th Century): Dr. Edmond Locard, often regarded as the
"Sherlock Holmes of Lyon," formulated the Exchange Principle, stating that "every contact leaves a trace." This
principle emphasized the transfer of evidence between individuals and the crime scene, forming the basis for trace
evidence analysis.

Development of Forensic Toxicology (Late 19th–Early 20th Century): Toxicology emerged as a

forensic science discipline with the work of scientists like Mathieu Orfila. Poison detection and analysis became crucial in
solving cases involving suspicious deaths.

Introduction of Ballistics (Late 19th Century): The study of ballistics, which involves the analysis of
firearms, bullets, and cartridge cases, became an essential forensic technique. Experts could match bullets to specific
firearms, aiding in the identification of weapons used in crimes.
Milestones in the development of
Forensic Techniques
Development of DNA Profiling (1980s): The advent of DNA profiling, also known as DNA fingerprinting,
revolutionized forensic science. Sir Alec Jeffreys developed the technique in the 1980s, allowing for highly accurate
identification and individualization of biological evidence.

Advancements in Digital Forensics (Late 20th Century–Present): With the rise of digital technology,
digital forensics became crucial in investigating crimes involving computers and electronic devices. Analysis of digital
evidence, including computer files, emails, and network activity, plays a significant role in modern forensic
investigations.

Forensic Anthropology and Odontology (20th Century): Forensic anthropology, the study of human
remains, and forensic odontology, the examination of dental evidence, became specialized fields within forensic science,
contributing to the identification of individuals in various contexts.
 Traditional Forensic
Methods
Traditional forensic methods refer to the established and
widely practiced techniques that have been used for many
years in the field of forensic science. These methods have
evolved over time, and while newer technologies have been
introduced, traditional methods remain fundamental to
forensic investigations.
 Overview of Conventional
Method
Fingerprint Analysis:
•Overview: The examination and comparison of ridge patterns, minutiae points, and other features in fingerprints.
•Purpose: Identification of individuals based on unique fingerprint patterns.

Ballistics Analysis:
•Overview: Examination of firearms, bullets, and cartridge cases to determine the type of weapon used and match bullets to specific
firearms.
•Purpose: Linking firearms to crime scenes and identifying the source of fired projectiles.
Forensic Toxicology:
•Overview: Analysis of bodily fluids and tissues to detect the presence of drugs, poisons, or toxins.
•Purpose: Determining the role of substances in a person's death or impairment
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis:
•Overview: Study of the size, shape, distribution, and pattern of bloodstains to reconstruct events at a crime scene.
•Purpose: Providing insights into the dynamics of an incident, including the direction and force of an impact.
 Overview of Conventional
Method
DNA Analysis:
•Overview: Examination of DNA profiles to identify individuals or establish biological relationships.
•Purpose: Establishing the identity of individuals, linking them to crime scenes, and identifying familial relationships.

Hair and Fiber Analysis:

•Overview: Microscopic examination and comparison of hairs and fibers found at crime scenes.
•Purpose: Identifying potential sources and associations between individuals, objects, and locations.
Document Examination:
•Overview: Analysis of handwriting, signatures, typewriting, and other document characteristics.
•Purpose: Determining the authenticity of documents, detecting forgeries, and linking documents to individuals.
Serology (Blood and Body Fluid Analysis):
•Overview: Analysis of blood and other bodily fluids to determine blood type and identify the presence of specific proteins.
•Purpose: Establishing links between individuals, confirming or excluding suspects, and providing information about injuries.
Limitations and Challenges of
Traditional Methods
Subjectivity and Human Sensitivity and Specificity: Limited Discrimination
Error: •Limitation: Traditional methods like Power:
•Limitation: Some traditional blood typing and serology may lack the •Limitation: Some traditional
methods, such as fingerprint analysis sensitivity and specificity offered by more methods, like bloodstain pattern
and handwriting examination, involve advanced DNA analysis. analysis, may have limited
a degree of subjectivity and are •Challenge: Advancements in technology discrimination power in distinguishing
susceptible to human error. have led to increased sensitivity and between individuals or providing
•Challenge: Training and specificity in traditional methods, but they precise timelines.
standardization efforts aim to may still fall short in certain cases. •Challenge: Integration with newer
minimize errors, but human technologies and methodologies can
subjectivity remains a challenge. enhance discrimination power and
accuracy.
Limitations and Challenges of
Traditional Methods

Sample Size Backlog and Turnaround Lack of Standardization:

Requirements: Time: •Limitation: Some traditional methods lack
•Limitation: Traditional methods •Limitation: Traditional forensic standardized protocols and may vary in
may require larger sample sizes analyses, especially in busy crime application between different forensic
for analysis, which can be labs, may contribute to backlogs and laboratories.
challenging when dealing with longer turnaround times for •Challenge: Efforts to establish and implement
limited or degraded forensic obtaining results. standardized procedures aim to enhance
samples. •Challenge: Increasing resources consistency and reliability across forensic
•Challenge: Continuous and implementing more efficient analyses.
improvement in analytical workflows are ongoing challenges to
techniques seeks to address issues reduce backlogs and improve
related to sample size turnaround times.
requirements.
Limitations and Challenges of
Traditional Methods
Advancements in Legal Scrutiny: Resource Constraints:
Technology: •Limitation: Traditional •Limitation: Traditional
•Limitation: The rapid pace of forensic methods may face methods may require significant
technological advancements has led increased legal scrutiny, resources, both in terms of
to newer, more sophisticated forensic especially when compared to skilled personnel and
techniques that may outperform newer technologies that are equipment.
certain traditional methods. perceived as more advanced. •Challenge: Adequate funding
•Challenge: Integrating new •Challenge: Forensic and staffing are ongoing
technologies while maintaining the professionals must effectively challenges to maintain the
proficiency of forensic practitioners communicate the reliability and effectiveness of traditional
in traditional methods is a continuous limitations of traditional forensic analyses.
challenge. methods in legal settings.
DNA Profiling
DNA profiling, also known as DNA fingerprinting or DNA analysis, is
a powerful forensic technique that involves the examination of an
individual's unique DNA characteristics for identification purposes.
DNA profiling has revolutionized forensic science and has become a
standard method for establishing identity, solving crimes, and
determining biological relationships.
Importance of DNA in
Forensic Investigations
Individual Identification:
•Uniqueness: The DNA sequence is highly specific to each individual, except for identical twins. This
uniqueness allows for the positive identification of individuals.
Linking Suspects to Crime Scenes:
•Evidence Association: DNA found at a crime scene, such as blood, semen, or hair, can be compared
to the DNA of known individuals. A match can link a suspect directly to the crime.

Cold Case Resolution:

•Reopening Unsolved Cases: Advances in DNA technology have led to the reopening and resolution of cold cases, providing
justice for victims and closure for their families.

Biological Evidence Analysis:

•Bloodstains, Semen, Saliva, and Hair: DNA analysis is applicable to various biological materials found at crime scenes, aiding in
the reconstruction of events.
Importance of DNA in Forensic
Investigations
Crime Scene Reconstruction:
•Understanding Dynamics: DNA evidence contributes to understanding the sequence of events at a crime
scene, helping investigators reconstruct the incident.

Enhancing Forensic Investigations:

•Comprehensive Analysis: DNA analysis complements other forensic methods, providing a comprehensive
approach to forensic investigations.
Advancements in Technology:
•Continuous Improvement: Ongoing technological advancements in DNA analysis, such as next-generation sequencing,
continue to enhance the sensitivity, speed, and efficiency of forensic DNA profiling.

Crime Deterrence:
•Awareness of DNA Analysis: The knowledge that DNA analysis can link individuals to crimes acts as a deterrent,
potentially reducing criminal activity.
Digital Forensic
Digital forensics, also known as computer forensics, is a branch
of forensic science that involves the collection, analysis, and
preservation of digital evidence to investigate and prevent
cybercrimes. It encompasses a wide range of activities related
to the examination of digital devices, networks, and electronic
data for legal purposes. Digital forensics is crucial in solving
cybercrimes, identifying security breaches, and providing
evidence in legal proceedings.
Explanation of Digital Forensics
and it’s Role
Investigating Cybercrimes:
•Role: Digital forensics plays a critical role in investigating various cybercrimes, including hacking, malware attacks, identity theft,
and online fraud.
•Importance: It helps law enforcement and cybersecurity professionals trace the origin of cyber threats, identify perpetrators, and
gather evidence for prosecution.

Data Recovery and Reconstruction:

•Role: Digital forensics is used to recover and reconstruct data from digital devices, including deleted files and altered
data.
•Importance: This process helps in understanding the sequence of events, reconstructing digital activities, and providing
context to the investigation
Incident Response:
•Role: Digital forensics is an integral part of incident response, helping organizations quickly identify and mitigate
security incidents.
•Importance: Timely and effective incident response can minimize the impact of security breaches and prevent further
damage.
Advances in technology for
analyzing digital evidence
Advanced Forensic Tools:
•Overview: Forensic software tools have evolved to provide more
sophisticated capabilities for data acquisition, analysis, and reporting.
•Impact: These tools offer automated and streamlined processes, allowing
investigators to handle a larger volume of data and uncover digital evidence
more rapidly.
Digital DNA and File Carving:
•Overview: Digital DNA techniques involve creating unique signatures
for files and data, while file carving techniques recover fragmented or
deleted files.
•Impact: These technologies enhance the ability to identify and
reconstruct digital artifacts, even from damaged or partially overwritten
storage media
Advances in technology for
analyzing digital evidence
Internet of Things (IoT) Forensics:
•Overview: As IoT devices become more prevalent, forensic tools
have been developed to investigate digital evidence from smart devices
and IoT ecosystems.
•Impact: IoT forensics tools help analyze data from a diverse range of
connected devices, providing insights into activities and interactions
within IoT environments.
Forensic Imaging Advances:
•Overview: Advances in forensic imaging technologies, such as solid-
state drive (SSD) forensics and enhanced imaging methods, contribute
to more accurate and reliable preservation of digital evidence.
•Impact: These advances ensure the integrity and authenticity of
forensic images, supporting the admissibility of digital evidence in legal
proceedings.
Forensic toxicology
Forensic toxicology is a branch of forensic science that involves the
analysis of biological specimens to determine the presence of drugs,
poisons, or toxic substances in the human body. It plays a crucial role in
legal and criminal investigations, providing information about the
effects of substances on individuals and contributing to the
determination of cause of death or impairment.
Overview of forensic toxicology
Cause of Death Determination:
•Post-Mortem Analysis: Forensic toxicologists assist in
determining whether the presence of drugs or toxins contributed to or
caused an individual's death.

Criminal Investigations:
•Drug-Facilitated Crimes: Identifying substances used in
criminal activities, such as sexual assaults or robberies, where drugs are
employed to incapacitate victims.

Traffic Accidents:
•Driving Under the Influence (DUI): Analyzing blood or
urine samples to determine the influence of drugs or alcohol in cases of
impaired driving.
Forensic Anthropology
Forensic anthropology is a specialized field within forensic science that
involves the application of biological and anthropological principles to
the identification and analysis of human remains. Forensic
anthropologists use their expertise in skeletal analysis to provide
information about the deceased individual, including their age, sex,
ancestry, stature, and potential signs of trauma or pathology.
Role of Forensic Anthropology in
crime scene Analysis
Recovery of Skeletal Remains:
•Forensic anthropologists are often involved in the initial stages of a
crime scene investigation to assist in the proper recovery of skeletal
remains. They provide guidance on excavation techniques, ensuring the
preservation of evidence and minimizing the risk of contamination.
Biological Profile Estimation:
•Forensic anthropologists analyze the skeletal elements to estimate a
biological profile of the individual, including age, sex, ancestry, and
stature. This information helps narrow down potential matches with
missing persons or aids in victim identification.

Missing Persons Cases:

•Forensic anthropologists play a crucial role in identifying missing
persons by comparing the biological profile derived from skeletal
remains with antemortem records, such as dental records or medical
records.
 Trace Evidence Analysis
Trace evidence analysis is a forensic discipline that involves the examination and
comparison of microscopic materials that can be transferred during the commission
of a crime. These tiny fragments, known as trace evidence, can include fibers, hair,
paint, glass, soil, gunshot residue, and other materials. The analysis of trace
evidence plays a crucial role in criminal investigations by linking individuals,
objects, or locations to a crime scene.
Importance of Trace Evidence in
Forensic Investigations
Individualization and Linking Suspects to Crime Scenes

Establishing Contact and Movement Patterns

Crime Scene Reconstruction

Providing Investigative Leads

Human Rights Investigations

Corroboration of Other Forensic Evidence

Presenting Physical Evidence in Court

Forensics Entomology
Forensic entomology is a branch of forensic science that involves the
study of insects and other arthropods in legal investigations. In
particular, it focuses on the use of insects as evidence to aid in
estimating the time since death and understanding the circumstances
surrounding a death.
Overview of Forensic
Entomology
Postmortem Interval (PMI) Estimation:
•One of the primary purposes of forensic entomology is to estimate the
time since death by analyzing the life cycle of insects that colonize a
body. Different species of insects are attracted to decomposing remains
in a predictable sequence, and their developmental stages can be
correlated with the PMI.

Insect Evidence in Legal Investigations:

•Insect evidence, including larvae, pupae, and adult insects, can provide
valuable information in legal investigations. Forensic entomologists
may be called upon to analyze insect specimens collected from crime
scenes, corpses, or other relevant locations.
Early Origins of Forensic Science
1 Ancient Civilizations
Forensic techniques were employed in ancient civilizations such as ancient China,
Egypt, and Mesopotamia. These early societies used methods like fingerprinting,
autopsy, and handwriting analysis to solve crimes and settle disputes.

2 Growth of Knowledge
During this time, the understanding of anatomy and bodily functions evolved,
leading to advancements in forensic medicine and the ability to determine causes
of death more accurately.

3 Legal Applications
These early practices laid the foundation for modern forensic science techniques
and played a pivotal role in the development of legal systems and investigative
procedures.
Forensic Odontology

Forensic odontology is a specialized branch of forensic science that

involves the application of dental knowledge and techniques to assist in
legal investigations. Dentists with specialized training in forensic
odontology play a crucial role in the identification of individuals and
the analysis of dental evidence in various legal contexts. This field
encompasses several key areas, including the comparison of dental
records, bite mark analysis, age estimation, and participation in mass
disaster victim identification efforts.
Role of Forensic Odontology in
identifying individuals
Dental Records Comparison:
•Antemortem Records: Forensic odontologists compare
antemortem dental records (records created before death) such as dental
charts, X-rays, and photographs with postmortem dental evidence.
•Unique Characteristics: They focus on unique dental features,
restorations, missing teeth, and other distinctive aspects to establish
positive identifications or exclusions.

Bite Mark Analysis:

•In cases where bite marks are present on a victim or at a crime scene,
forensic odontologists analyze these marks to link them to a specific
individual.
•They compare the bite mark with the dental characteristics of potential
suspects, providing evidence for criminal investigations.
Role of Forensic Odontology in
identifying individuals
Age Estimation:
•Forensic odontologists assess dental development, eruption patterns,
and dental wear to estimate the age of individuals.
•This can be particularly useful when dealing with unidentified
remains, especially in cases involving children or young individuals.

Missing Persons Cases:

•Forensic odontology is often used to identify individuals in missing
persons cases when dental records are available for comparison.
•This is especially relevant when other forms of identification, such as
fingerprints or DNA, are not readily accessible.
Forensic Imaging
Advancements in forensic imaging techniques,
including 3D reconstructions and virtual autopsies,
have provided new perspectives in crime scene
analysis and evidence presentation.
Importance of Forensic imaging in
crime scene documentation
Accurate Documentation:
•Forensic imaging allows for the accurate and detailed documentation of crime scenes. High-resolution photographs and 3D
scans capture the scene as it was at the time of investigation, providing a comprehensive visual record.

Chain of Custody Verification:

•Images help establish and verify the chain of custody for evidence. Photographs taken at different stages of an investigation
document who handled the evidence, where it was located, and how it was collected.
Crime Scene Reconstruction:
•Forensic imaging aids in the reconstruction of crime scenes. By capturing the spatial relationships between objects and evidence,
investigators can recreate the sequence of events leading to the crime.

Documentation of Evidence Markers:

•Forensic imaging is used to document the placement and significance of evidence markers. This ensures that the context of each
piece of evidence is recorded and can be referred to during analysis and testimony.
 Artificial intelligence in
Forensic Science
• Artificial intelligence (AI) in forensic science refers to the application of advanced
computational techniques to assist in various aspects of forensic investigations. AI
involves the development and use of algorithms, machine learning, and computer vision
to analyze, interpret, and process large sets of data, contributing to more efficient and
accurate forensic analyses. The integration of AI into forensic science has the potential to
enhance the capabilities of forensic experts, automate certain tasks, and improve the
overall effectiveness of forensic investigations. Key areas where AI is applied in forensic
science include biometric analysis, DNA analysis, image and video analysis, digital
forensics, predictive policing, and more. The goal is to leverage AI technologies to
support forensic professionals in solving crimes, identifying individuals, and analyzing
complex datasets.
Importance of AI in Forensic
Investigations
Efficient Data Processing
Crime Link Analysis

Automated Pattern Recognition

Biometric Analysis

DNA Analysis and Matching

Image and Video Analysis

Digital Forensics

Case Management and Evidence Tracking

Quality Control in Forensic Laboratories
Challenges in Forensic Science
Admissibility of Forensic Evidence in Court
Limited Resources and Funding
Forensic laboratories often face Challenges arise when determining the
resource constraints, affecting their reliability and validity of forensic
ability to process cases efficiently. evidence for courtroom presentation.

Frequent Technological Advancements

Rapid technological advancements can make it challenging for forensic scientists to stay up to date with tools and techniques.
Ethical Considerations in
Forensic Science

1 Objectivity and Bias 2 Privacy and Confidentiality

Forensic scientists must strive to Maintaining the privacy and
maintain objectivity and avoid bias, confidentiality of individuals involved
ensuring their findings are impartial. in forensic investigations is crucial.

3 Stakeholder Involvement and 4 Professional Integrity

Transparency Forensic scientists must adhere to high
Engaging stakeholders, such as law standards of professional ethics and
enforcement agencies and legal conduct to maintain the integrity of the
professionals, promotes transparency in discipline.
the forensic process.
Addressing Challenges and
Ethical Considerations
1 Collaboration with Stakeholders
Close collaboration between forensic scientists, law enforcement, and legal
professionals helps address challenges and ethical considerations.

2 Continuous Professional Development and Training

Forensic scientists should regularly update their skills and knowledge to
keep pace with advancements in their field.

3 Adherence to Professional Codes of Conduct

Strict adherence to professional codes of conduct ensures ethical behavior
and maintains public trust in forensic science.
Future Trends in Forensic
Science and Technology
Forensic science and technology are continuously evolving to
meet the demands of modern crime investigation and analysis.
As new challenges arise, advancements in forensic tools,
techniques, and technologies play a crucial role in solving
complex cases and ensuring justice. Let's explore the current
trends in forensic science and technology and their impact on
crime scene investigation and future prospects.
Current Trends in Forensic
Science and Technology

Digital Forensic Tools Advancements in DNA Analysis Forensic Facial Recognition

In the digital age, the demand for DNA analysis has been Facial recognition technology is being
digital forensic tools has surged. These revolutionized by rapid advancements increasingly utilized in forensic
tools are essential for extracting and in technology. State-of-the-art investigations. This technology enables
analyzing evidence from electronic equipment and techniques have the comparison of facial features from
devices, such as computers, significantly reduced the time images or videos with databases, assisting
smartphones, and cloud storage, required for DNA profiling, enabling in identifying individuals and
contributing significantly to solving faster results and aiding in the strengthening investigative leads. The
cybercrimes and white-collar offenses. identification of suspects and victims. continuous improvements in accuracy and
The advancements in this area have Moreover, advancements in next- performance are enhancing its
enhanced the capabilities of forensic generation sequencing have expanded applicability in law enforcement.
investigators to gather crucial digital the possibilities for forensic DNA
evidence. analysis.
THANK YOU 😊

DRx Deepak Jatav

Aayushi Namdev