01 Overview

Data Communications
Chapter 1 – Data Communications,

Data Networks, and the Internet
Eighth Edition
by William Stallings
Data Communications, Data
Networks, and the Internet
 The fundamental problem of
communication is that of reproducing at
one point either exactly or approximately a
message selected at another point - The
Mathematical Theory of Communication,
Claude Shannon
Contemporary Data Comms
 Trends influenced by:
 traffic growth at a high & steady rate
 Requirement / development of new services
 advances in technology
 significant change in requirements led to:
 emergence of high-speed LANs
 corporate WAN needs
 Use of digital electronics
A Communications Model
Key Communications Tasks
Transmission system utilization Addressing
Interfacing Routing
Signal generation Recovery
Synchronization Message formatting
Exchange management Security
Error detection and correction Network management
Flow control
Data Communications Model
Transmission Medium
 selection is a basic choice
 internal use entirely up to business
 long-distance links made by carrier
 rapid technology advances affects choice
 fiber optic – high capacity, getting cheaper
 Wireless - mobility
 transmission cost is stillhigh
 hence interest in efficiency improvements
– multiplexing and compression
Networking
 growth of number & power of computers is
driving need for interconnection
 also seeing rapid integration of voice,
data, image & video technologies
 two broad categories of communications
networks:
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
Wide Area Networks
 span a large geographical area
 rely in part on common carrier circuits
 alternative WAN technologies used
include:
 circuit switching
 packet switching
 frame relay
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Circuit Switching
 uses a dedicated communications path
established for duration of communication
 comprising a sequence of physical links
 with a dedicated logical channel
 eg. telephone network
Packet Switching
 data sent out in sequence
 small chunks (packets) of data at a time
 packets passed from node to node
between source and destination
 used for terminal to computer and
computer to computer communications
Frame Relay
 packet switching systems have large
overheads to compensate for errors
 modern systems are more reliable
 errors can be caught in end system
 Frame Relay provides higher speeds
 with most error control overhead removed
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
 ATM - evolution of frame relay
 fixed packet (called cell) length
 with little overhead for error control
 anything from 10Mbps to Gbps
 constant data rate using packet switching
technique with multiple virtual circuits
Local Area Networks
 smaller scope
 Building or small campus
 usually owned by same organization as
the attached devices
 data rates much higher within
 switched LANs, eg Ethernet
 wireless LANs
Metropolitan Area Networks
 MAN
 middle ground between LAN and WAN
 private or public network
 high speed
 large area – city or metro
Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
1.16
1.16
Categories of topology
1.17
1.17
A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)
1.18
1.18
A star topology connecting four stations
1.19
1.19
A bus topology connecting three stations
1.20
1.20
A ring topology connecting six stations
1.21
1.21
A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
1.22
1.22
 # In a network with 25 computers, which
topology would require the least extensive
cabling?
 Mesh
 Star
 Bus
 Ring
 # For six devices connected in mesh, how
many cables are needed? How many ports

are needed for each device?
# What is the consequence if a connection fails
for five devices arranged in:
a) Mesh b) Star (excluding hub) c) Bus d) Ring
The Internet
 Internet evolved from ARPANET
 first operational packet network
 applied to tactical radio & satellite nets also
 had a need for interoperability
 led to standardized TCP/IP protocols
Internet Elements
Internet Architecture
Example Configuration
Summary
 introduced data communications needs
 communications model
 defined data communications
 overview of networks
 introduce Internet

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Data Communications

Chapter 1 – Data Communications,

 # For six devices connected in mesh, how

many cables are needed? How many ports

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