BEEE

1013 TECHNICAL
PHYSICS

Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Elektrik dan Elektronik (FTKEE)

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) 1
 BEEE
1013 TECHNICAL
PHYSICS

Chapter Overview
1. Characteristics of Wave
2. Types of Waves
3. Principle of Superposition
4. Reflection and Transmission
5. Interference
6. Standing Waves;
Resonance
7. Refraction
8. Diffraction
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1. Characteristics of Wave 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

a disturbance that transfers energy

 the energy transferred through a wave can be
carried from the disturbance, through the wave, to
another object
Example:
the ocean
wind gives energy creating energy rocks
carries that
waves on an the boat up
(a disturbance) energy to a
ocean and down
boat

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1. Characteristics of Wave 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

the substance through which a wave travels

 in an ocean wave, water is the medium
 in sound waves, air is the medium

It is important to understand that the wave DOES

NOT CARRY the medium itself. It only moves
energy through the medium.

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1. Characteristics of Wave 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

Waves are created when a source of energy causes

a vibration in a medium

Vibration – a repeated back-and-forth or up-and-

down motion
 some mediums can vibrate a lot with only a little
energy input
 other mediums only vibrate a little with a lot of
energy input
 the amount of vibration depends on the spacing
and type of molecules within the medium
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1. Characteristics of Wave 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

All types of traveling waves transport energy

Study of a single wave

pulse shows that it is
begun with a vibration
and is transmitted
through internal forces in
the medium.
Continuous waves start
with vibrations, too. If the
vibration is SHM, then
the wave will be
sinusoidal.
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1. Characteristics of Wave 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

• Amplitude, A
the maximum distance the particles of a medium move from their
rest position
• Wavelength, λ ( measured in meters)
how much of the medium is between corresponding parts of
a repeating wave
• Frequency, f (measured in Hertz (Hz))
 the number of complete waves that pass a specific point in agiven
amount of time (usually 1 second)
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1. Characteristics of Wave 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

• Period, T (measured in seconds)

 the amount of time it takes for one complete wave topass

• Wave velocity (measured in m/s)

how much of a medium passes by a specific point in a given
amount of time

Try this!!

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2. Types of Waves 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

 Transverse waves

 Longitudinal waves

 Surface waves

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2. Types of Waves 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

Transverse waves occur when a disturbance causes

oscillations perpendicular to the wave propagation

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2. Types of Waves 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

The velocity of a transverse wave on a cord

is given by:
FT - tension in the cord

μ - mass per unit length

m/l

Velocity increases when

the tension increases,
and decreases when the
mass increases

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2. Types of Waves 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

Longitudinal waves occur when the oscillations

are parallel to the direction of wave propagation

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2. Types of Waves 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

Surface wave has characteristics of both transverse

and longitudinal waves

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2. Types of Waves 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

Example 1: Pulse on a wire

An 80.0 m long, 2.10 mm diameter copper wire is
stretched between two poles. A bird lands at the
center point of the wire, sending a small wave
pulse out in both directions. The pulses reflect at
the ends and arrive back at the bird’s location
0.750 s after it landed. Determine the tension in
the wire. (353N)

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3. Principle of Superposition 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

Superposition:
The displacement at any
point is the vector sum
of the displacements of
all waves passing
through that point at that
instant.

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3. Principle of Superposition 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

Superposition of Waves

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3. Principle of Superposition 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

Fourier’s theorem:
Any complex periodic wave
can be written as the sum
of sinusoidal waves of
different amplitudes,
frequencies and phases.
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TECHNICAL

4. Reflection and Transmission PHYSICS

A wave hitting an
obstacle will be
reflected (a), and its
reflection will be
inverted.
A wave reaching the end
of its medium, but where
the medium is still free
to move, will be
reflected (b), and its
(a) (b) reflection will be
upright.
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TECHNICAL

4. Reflection and Transmission PHYSICS

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4. Reflection and Transmission PHYSICS

A wave encountering a denser medium will be

partly reflected and partly transmitted; if the
wave speed is less in the denser medium, the
wavelength will be shorter.
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TECHNICAL

4. Reflection and Transmission PHYSICS

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TECHNICAL

4. Reflection and Transmission PHYSICS

Two o r t h r e e d i m e n s i o n a l w a v e s c a n
b e represented by wave fronts, which are
curves of surfaces where all the waves have
the same phase.

Lines perpendicular to
the wave fronts are
called rays; they point
in the directio
n o f propagat i o n
o f t h e wave.
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TECHNICAL

4. Reflection and Transmission PHYSICS

The law of reflection:

The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection

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5. Interference 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

The superposition principle says that when two waves

pass through the same point, the displacement is the
arithmetic sum of the individual displacements.
In the figure below, (a) exhibits destructive interference
and (b) exhibits constructive interference.

(a) (b)
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5. Interference 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

These graphs show the sum of two waves.

(a) they add constructively
(b) they add destructively
(c) they add partially destructively

(a) (b) (c)

https://ophysics.com/w2.html
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5. Interference 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

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6. Standing Waves; Resonance

TECHNICAL PHYSICS

Standing waves occur

when both ends of a
a
string are fixed.
There are nodes – A = 0,
and antinodes – A = 0
to max point
b

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6. Standing Waves; Resonance

TECHNICAL PHYSICS

The frequencies of
the standing waves
on aparticular string
are called resonant
frequencies.

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TECHNICAL
6. Standing Waves; Resonance PHYSICS

The wavelengths and frequencies of standing

waves are:

and

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6. Standing Waves; Resonance

TECHNICAL PHYSICS

Example 2: Piano string.

A piano string is 1.10 m long and has a mass of
9.00 g. How much tension must the string be
under if it is to vibrate at a fundamental
frequency of 131 Hz? (679N)

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7. Refraction 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

If the wave enters a medium where the wave

speed is different, it will be refracted - its wave
fronts and rays will change direction.
We can calculate the angle of
refraction, which depends on
both wave speeds:

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7. Refraction 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

The law of refraction works both ways - a wave

going from a slower medium to a faster one
would follow the red line in the other direction.

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8. Diffraction 1013 TECHNICAL

PHYSICS

When waves encounter an

obstacle, they bend around it,
leaving a “shadow region.”
This is called diffraction.

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