Physics

Lesson
 Content
1.Definition of equilibrium in different fields

2.Equilibrium and newton 1st law

3. Equilibrium and newton 2nd law

4. Equilibrium and Torque

5. Types of equilibrium

6. Conditions of equilibrium
 Equilibrium:
Understanding
and Application
Equilibrium is the state of a machine
where in opposing forces are balanced.
This phrase has been appreciably
employed with the field of chemistry
biology, economics and physics.
In our day to day life, seesaw and pendulum can
be an example of equilibrium. .
 What is equilibrium in physics ?
Equilibrium in physics, is the condition of a system when neither
it’s state of motion nor it’s internal energy state tends to change
with time. Static equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium are
.
termed when the object is at rest and moving in a constant
velocity in reference coordinate system.
For a single particle, equilibrium arises if the vector sum of all
forces acting upon the particle is zero.
The relation 2nd law ACCELERATION
It is the rate of change of the

and equilibrium velocity of an object with respect

to time.

Objects at equilibrium (the condition in

which all forces balance) will not
MASS
accelerate. According to Newton, an
It is a measure of the body's
object will only accelerate if there is a net
inertia, the resistance to
or unbalanced force acting upon it.in acceleration when a net force
is applied.
other word if there is a net force acting on
a particle, the particle will move
according to newton 2nd law of motion.
“ The larger the mass of the object, the FORCE
greater the force will need to be to cause It is an influence that can
change the motion of an object.
it to accelerate “.
The relationship
between
equilibrium and
torque
• Torque is a measure of the force that can cause an object
to rotate about an axis. Force is what cause an object to
accelerate in linear kinematics. Similarly torque is what
causes an angular acceleration.
• Hence torque can be defined as the rotational equivalent
of linear force. The straight line about which the object
rotates is called the axis of rotation.
• Torque is a vector quantity which means that it has both
magnitude and direction.
 Types of equilibrium
1. Stable equilibrium 2. Neutral equilibrium 3. Unstable equilibrium

A system is said to be in stable When a particle is slightly When a particle is slightly

equilibrium if, when displaced displaced from a position then it displaced from a position then it
from equilibrium, it experiences does not experience any force does not experience any force
a net force or torque in a acting on it and continues to be acting on it and continues to be
direction opposite to the in equilibrium in the displaced in equilibrium in the displaced
direction of the displacement. position, it is said to be in position, it is said to be in
And the center of mass is on the neutral equilibrium. It can have neutral equilibrium. It can have
middle as 3 types if we consider infinite position. It can be back infinite position. It can be back
their center of mass. to the original position. to the original position.
Types of equilibrium based on
their state of motion
1. Dynamic
Equilibrium:
Dynamic equilibrium is a state in which
an object is in continuous motion,
maintaining a constant velocity, and
experiencing no net force, torque, or
acceleration.

An illustrative example of dynamic equilibrium is a car cruising

at a uniform speed along a straight road, where the driving force
and opposing forces are in equilibrium, resulting in a consistent
motion.
2.Static equilibrium
If the body is not moving
and there is no net force and
no net torque acting on the
object the object Is in static
equilibrium.
Example: a book at rest on
top of a table.
 Concurrent and Coplanar force
Concurrent forces are forces that act on the same point.
we can check if the object is in equilibrium or not different methods.
1. resolving the vector
2. connecting them head to tail and analyze the figure
On the method 2 if the object is in equilibrium the figure will be a closed figure
which is their sum of the net force is zero.
If the force is applied on one plate it is said to be a coplanar force. Coplanar
and concurrent forces are not the same in every case.
Moment and torque are essentially the same but moments deals with statics and
torque deals with rotational motion.
 Equilibrium in fluids
Equilibrium in fluids, often referred to as fluid statics, involves the study of
fluids (liquids and gases) at rest. Understanding the equilibrium conditions in
fluids is crucial in various engineering applications, particularly in the design
and analysis of structures immersed in or interacting with fluids. Here are some
key aspects of equilibrium in fluids:

Pressure Distribution in Fluids:

P=P0​+ρgh
Pressure in a fluid at rest is distributed uniformly in all
- P: Pressure at depth ℎh
directions and increases with depth. This is a fundamental
- P0​: Atmospheric pressure at the
principle in fluid statics and is based on the fact that the
weight of the fluid above a certain point exerts a force that fluid's surface
- ρ: Density of the fluid
contributes to the pressure at that point. As you descend
- g: Acceleration due to gravity
into a fluid, the weight of the fluid above increases,
- h: Depth below the fluid's surface
resulting in an increase in pressure. This is due to the
gravitational force acting on the fluid particles.
Pascal's Law: ΔP=F/A
Pascal's Law, formulated by French mathematician and physicist - ΔP: Change in
Blaise Pascal in the 17th century, is a fundamental principle in fluid pressure
mechanics. It states that any change in pressure applied to an enclosed - F: Applied
fluid is transmitted undiminished to all portions of the fluid and to the force
walls of its container. In simpler terms, a change in pressure at any - A: Area over
point in a confined fluid is felt throughout the entire fluid and on the which the force
boundaries of the container. is applied
Equilibrium in Buoyancy
Buoyancy and equilibrium are intertwined concepts that govern
the behavior of objects in fluids. Equilibrium in the context of
buoyancy refers to a state where an object in a fluid experiences a
balance of forces, leading to a constant velocity (no acceleration)
either upward, downward, or at rest. Buoyancy provides the
upward force that determines whether an object floats or sinks,
and equilibrium ensures that the forces acting on the object are
balanced, leading to a stable state within the fluid.
 Conditions of equilibrium

Translational equilibrium Rotational equilibrium

It indicates that the net force acting The vector sum of all external
on the object is zero and thus the torques (producing rotation ) acting
object has zero linear acceleration. on the object must be zero

Static equilibrium
It takes place when all the force .
acting on an object are balanced and
the object is not in motion about the
Question time
Special
Thanks
Mr. Tegegn and students