GED

MATHEMATICAL REASONING

Tr. Thinzar
30 November 2023

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Graphing Equations

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 • Equations involving two variables or unknowns can be represented visually with graphs.
• In algebra, equations are usually graphed in the x-y coordinate plane (sometimes just
called the coordinate plane).
Plotting Points
• Graphs of equations are made up of many individual points.
• Points in the coordinate plane are called ordered pairs.
• As you can see (x,y), ordered pairs always have an x value first
and a y value second.
• Starting from the origin [the point (0, 0)], the x-coordinate
gives the distance left to right (negative means left) and the y-
coordinate gives the distance up or down (negative means
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down).
EXAMPLE 1
Plot the point (–3, 4) in the coordinate plane.
The x-coordinate is –3 and the y-coordinate is 4.

EXAMPLE 2
Plot the point (2, –5) in the coordinate plane.
The x-coordinate is 2 and the y-coordinate is –5.

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 Graphing Lines
• Graphs of equations are made up of many individual points.
• Points in the coordinate plane are called ordered pairs.
• As you can see (x,y), ordered pairs always have an x value first and a y value second.
• Starting from the origin [the point (0, 0)], the x-coordinate gives the distance left to
right (negative means left) and the y-coordinate gives the distance up or down
(negative means down).

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 EXAMPLE 3
Graph the line represented by the equation y=3x+1.

If x = 0, then y = 3(0) + 1 = 1. This means that the point

(0, 1) is on the line.
If x = 1, then y = 3(1) + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4. This means that
the point (1,4) is on the line.

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 Intercepts
• The intercepts of any graph are the points where it crosses the x- and the y-axes.
• For an x-intercept, there is no height to the point, so the y-coordinate is zero.
• For a y-intercept, the point is not moved left or right from the origin, so the x-
coordinate is zero.

• To find the x-intercept: Let y = 0 and solve for x.

• To find the y-intercept: Let x = 0 and solve for y.

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 Slope
• Slope is a way of measuring the steepness of a line.
• Ignoring the sign, a very steep line will have a very large slope and a very flat line will
have a very small slope.
• The sign of the slope also tells you about the direction of the
• Lines with positive slopes rise from left to right.
• Lines with negative slopes fall from left to right.

There are two special cases in regard to slope.

• The slope of any horizontal line is zero.
• The slope of any vertical line is undefined.
Negative slope
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 Calculating the Slope

The slope of a line passing through two points can be found using the slope formula

• In this formula, m represents the slope and the points are represented by (x1, y1) and (x2, y2).
• The slope is as the change in y over the change in x.
• The slope is almost always represented as either a whole number or a reduced fraction.

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 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
• Two lines that pass through different points but have the same slope are called parallel lines.
• Two lines that cross at a single point forming right angles are called perpendicular lines.
• Perpendicular lines always have negative reciprocal slopes.

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 Interpreting Slope
• In general, the slope of a line can be thought of as a rate of change.
• If the denominator is 1, then the slope represents the change in y for every one unit of
change in x.
• A rate in this form is called a unit rate.
• Many common ways of measuring speed are unit rates.
• Some examples include miles per hour when driving and words per minute when
• typing.

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EXAMPLE 11
The price of a certain item P in dollars changes with its age A in years according to the
formula P=-1.3A+10. In terms of dollars per year, at what rate is its price declining?

In this formula,
• P is taking the usual place of y and
• A is taking the usual place of x.
• The slope represents the change in P (price) over the change in A (age).
• The price is decreasing by $1.30 for each year.

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EXAMPLE 12
The following figure represents the additional distance covered by a student on her second
day of a weeklong bike tour. Given this graph, what was the student’s rate of speed on the
second day, in miles per hour?
In this example,
• x represents hours and y represents miles,
• the slope is

She was traveling at a rate of 5 miles per hour.

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 EXERCISE 4

The graph shown represents the number of items produced at Smith

Manufacturing during the first five hours of the day.

9. How many items did Smith Manufacturing produce

each hour?
10. If Jackson Manufacturing produces items according
to the formula N = 150T, where N is the number of
items produced in T hours, then which factory produces
items faster?

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 Finding the Equation of a Line

• Given two points, or even just the slope and a single point, you can find the equation of any
line.
• To do this, use the point-slope formula y - y1 = m(x - x1).

• In this formula, m is the slope, and (x1, y1) is a point that the line passes through.
To use this formula, follow these steps.
Step 1: Find the slope if it is not given.
Step 2: Plug in the coordinates from the first point.
Step 3: Simplify the equation.
(Usually you will write the equation in y = mx + b form.)
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EXAMPLE 13
Find the equation of a line with slope –2 that passes through the point (–1, 6).

The equation of this line is y = -2x + 4.

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EXAMPLE 14
Find the equation of a line that passes through the points (6, 1) and (3, 3).

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 Finding the Equation of a Line
Directions: For Questions 1 and 2, find the equation of the line given the indicated slope and
point.
1. m=-5, point: (1, 3)
2.
For Questions 3 and 4, find the equation of the line that passes through the two points.
3. (1, –4) and (2, –2)
4. (2, 5) and (5, 14)
5. Let n be a line with slope 4.
(a) Find the equation of a line parallel to line n that passes through the point (0, 2).
(b) Find the equation of a line perpendicular to line n that passes through the point (–3, 1).
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Graph of Function

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Graph of Function

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Graphing Quadratic Functions

y = ax2 + bx + c

f(X)= x(x-h)^2+h

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 Standard Form
y
The standard form of a
quadratic function is
a>0
y = ax2 + bx + c
The parabola will open up
when the a value is positive.

x
The parabola will open down
when the a value is negative.

a<0
 Line of Symmetry
Lineyof
Parabolas have a symmetric
Symmetry
property to them.

If we drew a line down the

middle of the parabola, we
could fold the parabola in half.

We call this line the line of x

symmetry.

Or, if we graphed one side of

the parabola, we could “fold”
(or REFLECT) it over, the line
of symmetry to graph the other The line of symmetry ALWAYS
side. passes through the vertex.
 Finding the Line of Symmetry
When a quadratic function is in For example…
standard form
Find the line of symmetry of
y = ax + bx + c,
2
y = 3x2 – 18x + 7
The equation of the line of
symmetry is Using the formula…

x  b x  18  18  3
2a 23 6
This is best read as …
the opposite of b divided by the Thus, the line of symmetry is x = 3.
quantity of 2 times a.
 Finding the Vertex
y = –2x2 + 8x –3
We know the line of symmetry always
STEP 1: Find the line of symmetry
goes through the vertex.
x  b  8  8  2
2a 2(2) 4
Thus, the line of symmetry gives us the STEP 2: Plug the x – value into the
x – coordinate of the vertex. original equation to find the y value.
y = –2(2)2 + 8(2) –3
To find the y – coordinate of the vertex, we
y = –2(4)+ 8(2) –3
need to plug the x – value into the original
y = –8+ 16 –3
equation.
y=5

Therefore, the vertex is (2 , 5)

Asymptotes:
• An asymptote is a line or curve that describes the behavior of a graph.

• The two kinds of asymptotes we will be working with are vertical and
horizontal.
Types of Asymptotes
Vertical Horizontal
x=a y=b

y
1 x2  4
y 2
x 1 x 2
Finding a Vertical Asymptote
• Vertical asymptotes have an equation of x = a, where a is a value that makes only the

denominator equal zero

x 1
y y
( x  3)( x  1) x 1
 Finding Vertical and Horizontal Asymptotes

• Find all asymptotes of the graph of each rational function.

• Solution:

a. For this rational function, the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the
denominator, so the graph has the line y = 0 as a horizontal asymptote. To find any vertical
asymptotes, set the denominator equal to zero and solve the resulting equation for x.
3x2 + 1 = 0
Set denominator

equal to zero.
b. For this rational function, the degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of the
denominator. The leading coefficient of the numerator is 2 and the leading coefficient of the
denominator is 1, so the graph has the line y = 2 as a horizontal asymptote. To find any vertical
asymptotes, set the denominator equal to zero and solve the resulting equation for x.

• x2 – 1 = 0 Set denominator equal to zero.

• (x + 1)(x – 1) =0 Factor.

• x+1 =0 x = –1 st
Set 1 factor equal to 0.

• x–1 =0 x=1 Set 2

nd
factor equal to 0.
Any question?

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THAN YOU!