CHAPTER 7
INTERPOLATION FUNCTION AND
NUMERICAL INTEGERATION
1
1D LINEAR ELEMENT
1. Kronecker delta property: The shape function at any node
has a value of 1 at that node and a value of zero at ALL other
nodes.
1 1
x2 - x x - x1
N 1 (x) N 2 (x)
x 2 x1 x 2 x1
x1 x2 x
El #1
Check
x2 - x
N1 (x)
x 2 x1
x 2 - x1
N1 (x x1 ) 1
x 2 x1
x2 - x2
and N1 (x x 2 ) 0
x 2 x1
The approximation is continuous across element boundaries
x3 - x x - x2
d (2) (x) d 2x d 3x
x3 x2 x3 x2
x2 - x x - x1
d(x) 1 d1x d 2x
x 2 x1 x 2 x1
x1 x2 x
El #1 El #2 x3
Completeness
N1 (x) N 2 (x) 1 for all x
N1 (x)x1 N 2 (x)x 2 x for all x
x2 - x
Use the expressions N1 (x) ;
x 2 x1
x - x1
N 2 (x)
x 2 x1
And check
x2 - x x - x1
N1 (x) N 2 (x) 1
x 2 x1 x 2 x1
x2 - x x - x1
and N1 (x) x1 N 2 (x) x 2 x1 x2 x
x 2 x1 x 2 x1
1D LINEAR SHAPE FUNCTIONS ON MASTER ELEMENT
1 1
N1
N2
1 2
Node at which N1 is 0
N (x)
1-
1
2
N 2 (x)
1
2
1D QUADRATIC MASTER ELEMENT
7
A slightly fancier assumption:
displacement varying quadratically inside each bar
N 2 ( ) N 3 ( )
N1 ( )
1 1
3
El #1
d N1 ( )d1 N 2 ( )d 2 N 3 ( )d 3
This is a quadratic finite element in
1D and it has three nodes and three
associated shape functions per element.
2D elements - bilinear element
v3
4 3
u3
v4
η v2 η
ζ
u4 u2
ζ
v1
y
u1 1 2
x
9
2D linear rectangular element
10
Shape Functions of rectangular
linear element
Bilinear element has shape
functions generated by multiplying linear
expressions in ζ and η direction. Due to
multiplication, the product is not a linear function:
N1 = Nζ1 . Nη1 = (1 - ζ).(1 - η ) / 4
N2 = Nζ2 . Nη1 = (1 + ζ).(1 - η ) / 4
N3 = Nζ2 . Nη2 = (1 + ζ).(1 + η ) / 4
, N . N = (1 - ζ).(1 + η ) / 4
N4 = ζ1 η2
11
Quadartic rectangular element
12
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
,
13
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
Linear Triangular Element
14
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
Jacobian Matrix
It is used to transformer the derivatives of shape
function from global to local coordinate system
15
Inverse of Jacobian Matrix
It is used to transformer the derivatives of shape
function from local to global coordinate system
16
Elements of Jacobian Matrix
The determinant of f Jacobean Matrix is used t0
transformer the integral from local to global
coordinates.
,
17
,
18
Numerical Integration
Two types of elements
Global element Local element
•Spatial derivatives of •Shape functions defined
here
shape functions
needed here (in
matrices K ) •Numerical integration
performed on local
•Integration element (using Gauss-
Legendre quadrature)
boundaries given here.
Transformation of spatial
derivatives
Global element Local element
•Spatial derivatives of
•Spatial derivatives of
shape functions
shape functions
Transformation he
J i s t at r i x
i a n m
Ja c ob
Transformation of integration
boundaries
Local element
Global element
•Integration boundaries
•Integration
boundaries
i s t he
J a t r i x
i a n m
Ja c ob
Tranasformation
Numerical integration
Approximating integral as summation
Can be rearranged and written as by defining Wi
Gauss-Legendre quadrature
• The integeration is carried between 1 and -1
• In 1D (n=3):
• In 2D (nip=9):
Gauss-Legendre quadrature
The integral is transformed to integration over master element
Integration points and weights
