At the end of the discussion, students should be able to:

1. Examine the postulates of the Cell Theory

2. Explain how Cells carry out functions required for life
3. Give the parts and functions of the cell
Cell and Cell Theory
The idea about the cell came up as a result of different
studies conducted by several biologists from different
countries of the world for about 300 years.
Hans and Zacharias Jansen, Dutch inventors, made the first
simple microscope in 1590.
Robert Hooke, an Englishman, gave the term “cell” for the box-like
structures observed in a cork tissue under the microscope in 1667.
Around 1675, Anton van
Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch
naturalist, observed sperm
cells, red blood cells,
bacteria, and other
microscopic organisms in
rainwater after his invention
of a more powerful
microscope. A nucleus was
observed within some of the
red blood cells.
Matthias Schleiden, a German botanist, studied plant
structures under the microscope. In 1838, he stated that all
plants are composed of cells.
In 1839, it was concluded that all animals are composed of
cells by Theodore Schwann, a German zoologist. He
studied on animal tissues.

Jointly, Schleiden and Schwann proposed that all living

things are made up of cells
Roughly, 20 years later, in 1855,
Rudolf Virchow, a German biologist,
observed dividing cells during his
work. Such observation made him
conclude that all living cells come
from preexisting cells
Eventually, unifying all the discoveries and
other advanced studies conducted, the
cell theory was formulated stating that:
CELL THEORY
• All living things are made up of cells.
• Cells are the smallest working units of all living
things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells through cell
division.
CELL PARTS AND FUNCTIONS
The study of cellular ultrastructure ( cell anatomy) is
always accompanied by the study of their functions
and processes ( cell physiology ) which are mediated by
different organelles at the cellular level. Each organelle
plays a specific role which eventually contributes a
significant participation in the general functioning of
the cell
 THE CELL

Cell comes from latin word “cella” meaning “small

room”.
 It is basic structural, functional and biological units of
living matter and compose all living things
TWO TYPES OF CELLS

PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC
Do not have structures
 Contain organelles
surrounded by
surrounded by
membranes.
membranes
Few internal structures
 Most living organisms
One-celled organisms.
THREE MAIN PARTS OF THE
CELL
NUCLEUS
CELL MEMBRANE
CYTOPLASM
1. NUCLEUS

is the membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that

contains the chromosomes. An array of holes, or pores, in
the nuclear membrane allows for the selective passage of
certain molecules (such as proteins and nucleic acids) into
and out of the nucleus
 THREE STRUCTURES OF CELL
A. NUCLEAR
ENVELOPE/MEMBRANE
is a highly regulated
membrane barrier that
separates the nucleus from
the cytoplasm in eukaryotic
cells. It contains a large
number of different proteins
that have been implicated in
chromatin organization and
gene regulation.
 B. NUCLEOLI

is a spherical structure
found in the cell's nucleus
whose primary function is
to produce and assemble
the cell's ribosomes.
 C. CHROMATIN

a mixture of DNA and

proteins that form the
chromosomes found in
the cells of humans and
other higher organisms.
2. CELL MEMBRANE
also called the plasma
membrane, is found in all cells
and separates the interior of
the cell from the outside
environment. The cell
membrane consists of a lipid
bilayer that is semipermeable.
The cell membrane regulates
the transport of materials
entering and exiting the cell.
 3. CYTOPLASM
is the gel-like fluid inside
the cell. It is the medium
for chemical reaction. It
provides a platform upon
which other organelles can
operate within the cell. All
of the functions for cell
expansion, growth and
replication are carried out
in the cytoplasm of a cell.
 THE
CYTOPLASTMICORGANELLES
Cytoplasmic organelles are "little organs"
that are suspended in the cytoplasm of the
cell. Each type of organelle has a definite
structure and a specific role in the function
of the cell. Examples of cytoplasmic
organelles are mitochondrion, ribosomes,
endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus,
and lysosomes.
MITOCHONDRIA
Mitochondria are membrane-bound
cell organelles (mitochondrion,
singular) that generate most of the
chemical energy needed to power
the cell's biochemical reactions.
Chemical energy produced by the
mitochondria is stored in a small
molecule called adenosine
triphosphate (ATP).
 RIBOSOMES
Ribosomes are cell organelles that
function in the synthesis of
proteins. They are present on the
surface of rough endoplasmic
reticulum. They produce proteins
from amino acids by a process
called protein synthesis.
Therefore, ribosomes are
called protein factories as they
synthesize proteins.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
The endoplasmic reticulum performs
the following functions: It is responsible
for the production and secretion of
steroid hormones. It is also responsible
for the synthesis of essential lipids such
as phospholipids and cholesterol. It is
responsible for the metabolism of
carbohydrates.
TWO TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

1.ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

2.SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

series of connected flattened

sacs, part of a continuous
membrane organelle within the
cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells,
that plays a central role in the
synthesis of proteins.
 SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

is (a part of) endoplasmic reticulum that is

tubular in form and lacks ribosomes. It is
present in eukaryotic cells and is associated
with lipid synthesis, carbohydrate
metabolism, regulation of calcium
concentration, and drug detoxification.
 GOLGI APPARATUS

A stack of small flat sacs formed

by membranes inside the cell's
cytoplasm (gel-like fluid). The
Golgi apparatus prepares
proteins and lipid (fat) molecules
for use in other places inside and
outside the cell. The Golgi
apparatus is a cell organelle. Also
called Golgi body and Golgi
complex.
 LYSOSOMES
are membrane-enclosed
organelles that contain an
array of enzymes capable of
breaking down all types of
biological polymers—
proteins, nucleic acids,
carbohydrates, and lipids.
 PEROXISOMES
Peroxisomes are small,
membrane-enclosed organelles
that contain enzymes involved
in a variety of metabolic
reactions, including several
aspects of energy metabolism.
 CYTOSKELETON

Among all the

functional
components of a living
cell, cytoskeleton is
considered to be the
backbone of a cell as
it provides the cell its
shape and structure
 CENTRIOLES

Centrioles are paired barrel-

shaped organelles located in
the cytoplasm of animal cells
near the nuclear envelope.
Centrioles play a role in
organizing microtubules that
serve as the cell's skeletal
system. They help determine
the locations of the nucleus and
other organelles within the cell.
 VACUOLES

A vacuole is a membrane-
bound cell organelle. In animal
cells, vacuoles are generally
small and help sequester
waste products. In plant cells,
vacuoles help maintain water
balance. Sometimes a single
vacuole can take up most of
the interior space of the plant
cell
 PART 1: Directions: Match the column A to
column B and the column C. In many ways, the
eukaryotic cell is kind of like a city. I will tell you
what each of the organelles in a cell does. Your job
will be to try to match each of the cell parts to the
parts of a city.
 (A) Parts of the Cell
___1. Golgi Apparatus __6. Nucleus

__2. Vacuole __7. Cell Membrane

__8. Endoplasmic Reticulum
__3. Chloroplast
__9. Ribosome
__4. Lysosome
__10. Cell Wall

__5. Mitochondrion
 (B) Part of a City
A. Recycling Plant
F. The Post Office

B. City Hall
G. The City Limits
H. A Warehouse
C. A Power Station
I. A Farm
D. A Factory
J. Fortifications

E. The Roads
 (C) Functions
a. in plant cells, a tough wall outside the cell membrane that
provides protection and structural rigidity, made of cellulose.

b. reads the messenger RNA, copied from the DNA instructions in

the nucleus, and is the site where proteins are made. Ribosomes
are made in the nucleolus.
 (C) Functions
c. a network for transporting proteins across the cell.

d. regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

e. contains DNA, the instructions for building and operating the

cell.
 (C) Functions
f. burns food to create ATP, an energy storage molecule which
can be used by the whole cell.

g. a place where waste products and cellular debris are broken

down.

h. uses light energy and CO2 (carbon dioxide) from the air to
build long chains of carbons (sugars and starches), releasing O2
(oxygen) along the way.
 (C) Functions
i. a container for liquids, food, waste, or other materials. Large in
plants, smaller or absent in animal cells

j. packages up proteins and labels them for distribution to other

parts of the cell.
 ASSIGNMENT
Direction. Create your own model of cell
structure using the following materials:
1. 1/8 illustration board
2. Clay(use different colors)
Thank You!

MA’AM KATH