Media and

Information
Literacy
Quarter 3 – Module 4:
Media and Information Sources
What I Know

Write the letter that corresponds to your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. This means that there is no abuse of resources and that various strategies are
utilized to avoid risks.
a. diversified production systems
b. restraint in resource exploitation
c. locally appropriate
d. respect for nature

2. A quality that characterizes indigenous people in the Philippines, which is

reflected in strong family and community ties and, with them, feelings of
obligation and responsibility to preserve the land for future generations.
a. dependent on nature for survival
b. flexible
c. locally appropriate
d. social responsibility
3. A quality of indigenous knowledge that means adapting to new
circumstances and being open to outside knowledge.
a. diversified production systems
b. flexible
c. locally appropriate
d. respect for nature

4. A principle of indigenous practices where production is for survival needs

only; what are taken from the environment are only those that are necessary
for immediate survival.
a. restraint in resource exploitation
b. dependent on nature for survival
c. social responsibility
d. respect for nature
5. Indigenous knowledge signifies a way of life that adapts and advances with
the local conditions.
a. locally appropriate
b. diversified production systems
c. flexible
d. respect for nature

6. This refers to the distinctive knowledge kept to a specific group of people.

a. cultural knowledge
b. indigenous knowledge
c. internet
d. library
7. The following are other terms used to refer to indigenous knowledge EXCEPT
a. local knowledge
b. folk knowledge
c. people’s knowledge
d. basic knowledge

8. This is a source of information generated through a systematic process of

observing local conditions, experimenting with solutions, and readapting
previously identified solutions to modified environmental, socio-economic,
and technological situations.
a. cultural knowledge
b. indigenous knowledge
c. internet
d. library
9. This library service refers to managing the library and services, conveying
a. administrative services
b. computer services
c. user services
d. technical services

10.This source of information is a “network of networks” that consists of

millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks.
a. library
b. ICT
c. The Internet
d. indigenous knowledge
11.These sources of information are materials from a certain period of time,
which have not been filtered, modified through analysis, interpretation, or
evaluation.
a. library sources
b. primary sources
c. secondary sources
d. tertiary sources

12.These sources of information are analyses, interpretations, and evaluations

of primary sources.
a. library sources
b. secondary sources
c. primary sources
d. tertiary sources
13.What source of information can the minutes of meetings, conferences, and
symposia be classified?
a. library sources
b. primary sources
c. secondary sources
d. tertiary sources

14.Where can directories and yearbooks be classified?

a. library sources
b. primary sources
c. secondary sources
d. tertiary sources

15. Alethia prepared her film review of The Maleficent 2? Under what
information source can her work be classified?
a. library sources
b. primary sources
c. secondary sources
d. tertiary sources
Lesson 1: Media and Information Sources

In looking for any information, the main considerations are, “What type of
information is needed?” and “Where can these pieces of information be found?”
Acquiring the skill of finding reliable sources of information will help you discover
and enhance more skills in 21st-century learning.
What’s In

Let’s recall what you have learned from the previous lesson about the types of
media. Match the sample media in column A to the types of media in column B.
Column A Column B

1. blog a. text media

2. infographics b. visual media
3. vlog c. audio
4. voice recording d. multimedia
5. magazines e. new media
6. photography
7. cartoons
8. radio drama
9. newspaper
10.podcasts
What’s New
How well do you know?
How well do you know our indigenous groups? Identify the tribe known for the
practices below.
1. They have the binukot (secluded), which refers to the most beautiful girls of a community who
are kept isolated by their families until they can be married off.
2. Their farming system includes the payoh (rice terraces, muyung (wood
lot), and uma (swidden farms). a. Aetas
3. They are the first to practice the slash-andburn system in the country. b. Atis of Panay
c. Badjaos
4. They observe the practice of “kutkot,” wherethey dig up the remains d. Lumad tribes
e. Igorot
of a loved one a year after his/her death and dress it up in clothes
f. Hiligaynon tribe
5. Their tribal music is produced by musical instruments they made. g. Hanunuo
Mangyan
6. They are also known as a sea tribe.
7. They are known as a tribe skilled in weaving
Processing:

 What is the source of the information mentioned above?

 How are these sources of information classified?

Media and Information Sources

In searching for information, one needs help in locating

appropriate and reliable sources while also having access to them. There
are three main sources of information: indigenous knowledge, libraries,
and the Internet. In many instances, sources of information are also
classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary.
 A. Indigenous Knowledge
Indigenous knowledge is the distinctive knowledge kept to a specific group of people. Local
knowledge, folk knowledge, people’s knowledge, traditional
wisdom, or traditional science are other terms used for it
(Senanayak, 2006). Communities generate and transmit
this knowledge in certain periods to be able to adjust to
Their agricultural, ecological, and socio-economic
environments (Fernandez, 1994).Meanwhile,according
to Brouwers (1993), indigenous knowledge is “generated
through a systematic process of observing local conditions,
experimenting with solutions, and readapting
previously identified solutions to modified environmental,
socio-economic and technological situations.”
It usually becomes the basis of a certain
community for their daily life. Indigenous knowledge is
transferred from one generation to another, either orally
(oral tradition) or through cultural rituals. Oral
traditions involve legends, folktales, epics, myths, and folk songs.

Figure 1: A group of Igorot pottery makers from Samoki,

Mountain Province
 Dewalt (1994) identified certain features of indigenous knowledge that are highly relevant in conservation
and sustainable growth:

 Locally appropriate. Indigenous knowledge signifies a way of life that has advanced with the local conditions.
 Restraint in resource exploitation. Production is for survival needs only; only those necessary for immediate
survival are taken from the environment.
 Diversified production systems. There is no abuse of resources; various strategies are utilized to avoid risks.
 Respect for nature. A ‘conservation ethic’ often exists. Here, the land is treated as sacred.
 Human dependence on nature for survival. All species are interrelated; hence, one affects the other.
 Flexibility. Indigenous knowledge means adapting to new circumstances and being open to outside
knowledge.
 Social responsibility. There are strong family and community ties, and with them, feelings of obligation and
responsibility to preserve the land for future generations.
B. Library
As defined in Cambridge Dictionary, A library is “a building, room, or organization that has a collection, especially of
books, music, and information that can be accessed by computer for people to read, use, or borrow.”
Aside from books and journals, libraries also house advanced e-resources.
Most libraries offer the following services:
 User services function in linking people to the information they are looking for.
 Technical services function in gathering, cataloging, and preparing library materials.
 Computer services function in maintaining databases, software programming, web page design, and computer
hardware maintenance in the library.
 Administrative services function in managing the library and services, conveying contracts with sellers, supervising
library employees, and preparing budgets.

Libraries are classified as academic, public, school, and special.

 Academic libraries serve colleges and universities.
 Public libraries serve cities and towns of all types.
 School libraries serve students from Kindergarten to Grade 12.
 Special libraries are located in specific environments (e.g., hospitals, corporations, museums, military, private
business).
C. Internet
As defined in the Oxford Dictionary, the Internet is “a global computer network providing a variety of
information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized
communication protocols.”

Essays, UK (2018) describes the internet as a “network of networks” consisting of millions of smaller
domestic, academic, business, and government networks. Internet is also defined as the “worldwide publicly
accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the
standard Internet Protocol (IP)” (Merriam Dictionary). It transmits information stored in files or documents on
one computer to another computer. It transfers together several information and services, such as file transfer,
electronic mail, interlinked web pages, online chat, and other documents of the World Wide Web. While it is
common to hear people saying they found the “information on the Internet,” it is technically more correct to
say one finds information “through” or “using” the Internet.
Other Classifications of Information Sources

A. Primary Sources of Information:

Primary sources refer to “original materials.” These are materials from a certain period of time that have not
been filtered, modified through analysis, interpretation, or evaluation. Also, primary sources are the bases of
other researches. They are commonly the raw products of written texts (print or electronic format). Hence, they
show original thinking, present a discovery, or impart new information. The following are examples of primary
sources of information:
Artifact. It refers to Diary. It is a record
something made or with distinct entries
created by humans, organized by date
reporting on daily
such as a tool or a
activities or other
work of art, periods. It can be
especially an object personal, which may
of archaeological include a person's
interest. experiences, thoughts,
and/or feelings.

Figure 3: This is the last entry from

Figure 2: 19th century guidon holder
William Viers Bouic's (my Great Great
from the Philippines, wood with traces
Grandfather) law school diary
of gesso, HAAI
Source:
Source:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/
https://www.flickr.com/photos/bdorf
man/15846725
Patent. This is the granting of a Audio/ video recording.
right to an inventor by a
sovereign
authority. This grant affords the
inventor exclusive rights to the
patented process, design, or
invention for a designated period
in exchange for a comprehensive
disclosure of the invention.
Other examples of primary sources include e-mails, interviews, journal articles, letters, minutes of meetings,
conferences and symposia, newspaper articles, original documents (e.g., birth certificate, marriage
certificate), photographs, records of organizations, research survey results, speeches, works of art, literature,
architecture, and music, and websites.
B. Secondary Sources of Information:

Compared to primary sources, secondary sources are not easily defined. Generally, written after an original
product, they usually aim to give reflection or analysis. In short, they are analyses, interpretations, and
evaluations of primary sources. Secondary sources are not proof, but rather explanation on and discussion of
evidence. Secondary sources may be classified as index type, survey type, and reference type.

 Indexes are typically found as one or more individual volumes at the end of a set. Examples are index,
bibliography, indexing periodicals, and abstracting periodicals.
 Survey type involves the product of examination or description of someone or something. Examples are
reviews, treatises, and monographs.
 The reference type consists of materials collected from others’ works such as encyclopedia, dictionary,
handbook, manual and critical tables.
C. Tertiary Sources of information:

Tertiary sources are commonly confused with secondary sources. Tertiary sources involve
information that collects and organizes primary and secondary sources. Tertiary sources include
bibliographies of bibliographies, directories and yearbooks, guides to literature, and lists of
research in progress.
What’s More

Activity 1
Read the texts below and work on the activity that follows.

TEXT A
KAREN DAVILA: You have seen the Chinese reaction, and their reaction is they called the UNCLOS decision as a scrap of
paper, it’s waste paper. In fact, they have increased their presence in the South China Sea and even the West Philippine Sea.
Where should the Philippines go from here given that you have there’s a decision and the question worldwide is who enforces a
decision where the one who you should enforce it to is ignoring the very decision?

JUSTICE CARPIO: We have a Filipino scholar, he wrote an article, a survey of decisions of the ICJ the arbitral tribunals. In
that article, he said over 95 percent of decisions of the ICJ, the ITLOS, and the other arbitral tribunals were eventually
complied with. But initially, the losing party will say, ‘We will not comply.’ It has happened several times. The losing party will
say, ‘We will not comply.’ They hold demonstrations. They threaten to withdraw, but in the end, they comply. It may take time.
Compliance may take other forms, but the compliance is there if the other party is satisfied. In international law, you don’t
expect losing party to immediately comply. It takes time. They have to prepare their people to comply, especially in China, the
mindset is the South China is theirs. They have been taught that from grade school to college, but it will happen in the end. We
have to look at this in a very long-term perspective. That’s one. Two, the naval powers---. You see, there are two parts to the
ruling. When the ruling declares that the nine-dash lines are void, immediately, you have now the high seas in the middle of the
South China Sea.
That’s about 25%. Around the high seas, you have the EEZs. Under UNCLOS, the high seas are
open to mankind. The warships can sail there; warplanes can fly over there. It’s freedom of
navigation and flight. That is true also for the EEZs. Majority of all countries take the position that
in EEZs, there’s freedom of navigation not only for merchant ships but also for warships and
warplanes.
TEXT B
Excerpt From The News Article, “Morales: West Philippine Sea Belongs to Filipinos, Not to Duterte, Not
to China MANILA, Philippines—"The West Philippine Sea belongs to Filipinos, not to Duterte, not to
China.”
Former Ombudsman Conchita Carpio-Morales declared this on Friday as she demanded accountability on
China’s destruction of the marine resources in the disputed territories.
Speaking at the West Philippine Sea forum, Morales pointed out that Manila’s 2016 arbitral victory against
China’s expansive claim in the West Philippine Sea showed that the Chinese government violated its obligation
to protect the marine environment through “tolerance of Chinese illegal fishing, massive land reclamation and
the construction of artificial islands.”
China, however, openly rejected the arbitral award and continues to push with its militarization in the area. The
Duterte administration, meanwhile, decided to set aside the award and engage Asia’s largest economy in
bilateral talks.
This, according to Morales, has prompted Filipinos to “find creative and viable ways to enforce the award
because our [leaders] refuse to do so.”
“The inhumane acts of Chinese officials in the South China Sea constitute crimes against the ICC’s
jurisdiction,” she stressed.
Assessment 1
Analyze the source of information utilized in the texts. Explain your considerations before arriving at your
answer. Use a separate sheet of paper.

Text Information Source Justifications

Example: Tertiary source  The text combines

information from
various sources.
 The role of the writer is
to compile and
organize perspectives from
various
sources.

Text A
Text B
Each justification will be graded using the following rubric.

Score Description
2 points The justification includes little essential information and one or
two facts.
3 points The justification includes some essential information with a few
citations and facts.
4 points The justification includes essential information and facts to give
viewers an understanding of the given text.
5 points The justification covers complete and in-depth information with
a variety of resources.
What I Have Learned

Ponder on the following questions:

1. Why and how should we preserve indigenous knowledge?

2. Why is it necessary to determine the source of information?

Your answer will be graded using the following rubric.

Score Description
2 points Is unable to or infrequently uses deductive and inductive
reasoning skills
3 points Uses deductive and inductive reasoning skills inconsistently and
weakly
4 points Uses deductive and inductive reasoning skills competently
5 points Uses deductive and inductive reasoning skills consistently and
with ease
What I Can Do

You are challenged to create a video clip showcasing your community. You will explore its history and culture
by interviewing the elders within your community, making them your source of indigenous knowledge or
primary source of information. To validate the information you have gathered, you can also use other sources
(secondary, tertiary, library, internet).
Assessment

Multiple Choice.

I. Write the letter that corresponds to your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Some Aetas in Pampanga started to adapt to changes brought by modernization. What characteristic of indigenous knowledge is described?

a. diversified production systems

b. flexible

c. locally appropriate

d. respect for nature

2. The indigenous peoples are keen on their commitment to preserving their resources. What characteristic of indigenous knowledge is described?

a. restraint in resource exploitation

b. dependent on nature for survival

c. social responsibility

d. locally appropriate

3. The indigenous groups maintain their stand that in any changes, they must take into consideration the welfare of the community. What characteristic of indigenous knowledge is described?

a. dependent on nature for survival

b. flexible

c. locally appropriate

d. social responsibility

4. The local government must ensure that any attempts for advancement should not sacrifice the land that the indigenous peoples consider as “sacred”. What characteristic of indigenous knowledge is
described?

a. locally appropriate

b. diversified production systems

c. flexible

d. respect for nature

5. Strategies should be utilized to avoid risks in any attempts for development. What characteristic of indigenous knowledge is described?

a. diversified production systems

b. flexible

c. locally appropriate

d. social responsibility
II. Determine the source of information on the following situations. Choose the letter of the best answer from
the box. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper

a. PRIMARY b. SECONDARY c. TERTIARY.

6. Fille received the proposal letter via electronic mail.

7. Rainier interviewed selected National Artist awardees.
8. Chris compiled bibliographies written about Andres Bonifacio.
9. Risse completed her critique paper on the five Philippine Drama Series in
2019.
10.Miss Maita organized the list of researches based on the year of publication.
11.Marlyn took a video of Sorsogon’s entry to The Guinness Book of World
Records, “Pantomina sa Tinampo.”
12.Alethia collected and published the photos taken by her mother for a decade.
13.Kia made a list of the poems posted on her blog.
14.Grace received a letter from her best friend.
15. Charie took a video record of the oral presentations at the Research
Conference she attended.
Additional Activities
Survey on the libraries in your city. Make a comparative analysis of the features they offer.