SESSION 1

09-05-2023
TOPICS
Measurements
Motion and Force
 Introduction to Physics
1. Natural Science:
• Physics is derived from Greek letter “physik” which means
“study of nature”.
2. Types of Natural Science:
Natural
Science

Biological Physical
Science Science
(Study of (Study of Non-
living things) living things)

Biology Botany Zoology Mathematics Chemistry Physics Astronomy Geology

3. Modern Physics:
• “The study of matter and energy and the relationship
between them”.

4. Main Frontiers of Physics:

5. Branches of Physics:

6. Physics involves along with Matter and Energy:

MCQ: Every dimensional physical quantity must
have ______?

A. Magnitude and Direction

B. Direction and Unit
C. Magnitude
D. Magnitude, Unit and Direction

All quantities must be measurable so they should

have magnitude.
MCQ: All are the base quantities EXCEPT?

A. mole
B. Intensity of light
C. Electric current
D. Thermodynamic temperature

“mole” is a fundamental unit and not the quantity.

MCQ: 2 kg2 = ?

A. (2 kg)2
B. 2 k(g2)
C. 2 (kg)2
D. 22 (kg)
MCQ: An atmosphere:

A. Is a unit of pressure
B. Is a unit of force
C. Gives an idea of the composition of air
D. Is the height above which there is no space to live
MCQ: Which of the following is not a physical
quantity?

A. Kelvin
B. Candela
C. Henry
D. All a, b, c

All are units of physical quantities.

 Physical Quantities and Units
1. Physical Quantities:
• Quantities which can be measured accurately in terms of
which laws of physics can be described. It is a physical
property which can be quantified through measurement.
i. Types of Physical Quantities:
a. Base quantities:
• Length, mass, time etc.
b. Supplementary quantities:
• Plane angle and solid angle.
c. Derived quantities:
• Speed, volume, acceleration etc.
 ii. Characteristics of Physical Quantities:
Physical quantities

Constants Scalars Vectors Phasors

Magnitude + Unit +
Universal constants Magnitude + Unit + Phase
Constants that vary Magnitude + Unit
{Unit} Direction (e.g. A.C, AC Voltage,
from case to case (e.g. S, W, P)
(e.g. G, c, h) (e.g. displ, vel, accel) parameters in wave
mechanics, in S.H.M)

Pure Ratios {No Unit} Magnitude + No Unit

(e.g. n, M, A) (e.g. n, M, A)

Others
{Unit}
(e.g.
iii. Steps to measure Base Quantity:
• Choice of standard (unit)
• Establishment of a procedure
iv. Characteristic of Ideal Standard:
• Accessible
• Invariable
v. Physical Quantities, Units and their Symbols:
2. Units of Physical Quantities:
• “A standard for measurement of the same quantity”.
i. System of Units:
a. Old System:
• MKS = (meter, kilogram, second)
• CGS = (centimeter, gram, second)
• FPS = (foot, pound, second)
b. System International:
• 1960’s SI system of units.
ii. Types of Units:
a. Base units:
b. Derived units:
Force
Acceleration
Power
Energy
Work

c. Supplementary units:
• Radian:
• Unit of plane angle.
• 2 - D angle.
• Circular angle.
• 1 rad = 57.3o
• Steradian:
• Unit of solid angle.
• 3 - D angle.
• Spherical angle.
• sr = 4 sr
iii. Convections for indicating Units:
• Full name of unit does not written with capital letters.
• i.e. newton.
• Symbol of unit name of scientist is initial capital.
• i.e. N.
• Prefixes should be written after unit without any space.
• i.e. km.
• Combination of units are written with one space.
• i.e. N m.
• Combination of prefixes are not allowed.
• i.e. 1 uuF , 1 pF
• Number are expressed in scientific notation.
• i.e. 5 × 104 cm, 5 × 102 m
• Multiple with base units.
• i.e. 1 km2 = 1 (km)2 = 1 × 106 m2
• Measurements in practical work is recorded in SI units.
3. Scientific Notation:
• “The system to express the number in terms of power of
ten”.
• i.e. 573.9 = 5.739 102
4. Prefixes:
MCQ: Ratio of size of atom to nucleus is:

A. 10-4
B. 102
C. 104
D. 1010
MCQ: Physical quantities have ______ types?

A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
MCQ: Light year is a unit of:

A. Time
B. Mass
C. Distance
D. Density
MCQ: One light year is equal to:

A. 9.5 × 1015 mm
B. 9.5 × 10-15 m
C. 9.5 × 1015 km
D. 9.5 × 1012 km

9.5 x 1015 m
MCQ: The unit of energy can be expressed as:

A. joule
B. N m
C. kg m2 s-2
D. All of these
MCQ: The dimension of at2 is same as:

A. Time
B. Velocity
C. Acceleration
D. Length
MCQ: SI unit of action is:

A. N s
B. J s
C. N m
D. W s

Action describes how physical system changes with

time.
Energy x time or momentum x length
MCQ: One horse power is equal to:

A. 746 watt
B. 756 watt
C. 736 watt
D. 766 watt
MCQ: 2 km2 = ______ ?

A. 2 × 103 m2
B. 2 × 106 m
C. 2 × 104 m2
D. 2 × 106 m2
MCQ: Quantities which are expressed by magnitude
and phase are called?

A. Vectors
B. Scalars
C. Phasors
D. Constants
MCQ: Which system has most number of base
quantities?

A. MKS
B. CGS
C. SI
D. British system
MCQ: Which one is a unit of distance?

A. Light year
B. Astronomical unit
C. Par sec
D. All of these

AU = 1.50 x 1011 m
Light year = 9.50 x 1015 m
Par sec = 3.26 light years = 3.09 x 1016 m
 Errors and Uncertainties
1. Uncertainty:
• The uncertainty may occur due to;
• Limitation of an instrument.
• Natural variation
• Natural imperfection of person’s sense.
2. Cause of Error:

Inappropriate
Inexperience person Faulty Apparatus
method
3. Error:
• “The difference between standard and experimental values”.

i. Types of Error:
a. Rndom Error:
• When repeated measurement give different values under same
conditions.
• Cause:
• Due to unknown cause.
• Minimize:
• Repeated measurements with average values.
b. Systematic Error:
• An effect that influence all the measurement equally.
• Cause:
• Incorrect apparatus
• Faulty apparatus
• Poor calibration
• Elimination:
• Comparing with correct apparatus.
• Applying correction factor.
• Replace the faulty apparatus.
 Significant Figures

1. Definition:
• “In any measurement, all the accurately known digits and the
first doubtful digit”.
2. Rules for significant figure:
i. All non-zero digits are significant.
• i.e. 1, 2, …….9.
ii. Zero between significant figure are also significant.
• i.e. 6405 (4)
iii. On left side zero’s are non-significant.
• i.e. 0.000035 (2)
 iv. On right side zero may or may not be significant.
a. When zero is significant:
• i.e. 3.4000 (5)
b. When zero is non-significant:
• i.e. 5000 Number of significant
• Number of significant depend upon least count of instrument.
 If least count of instrument is 1 kg:
• 5.000 103 (4)
 If least count of instrument is 10 kg:
• 5.00 103 (3)

3. Rules for Round Off:

i. Number of zero in power of ten is non-significant.
• In 5.70 105 (3)
ii. Numbers of significant figures in the product or quotient
not more than that contained in the least accurate factor.
• i.e. 3.4 5.73
• Answer should contain 2 number of significant figure.
iii. In adding or subtracting numbers, the number of decimal
place retained in the answer should equal the smallest
number of decimal places.
• In 72.1 + 3.42 the answer contained two digits after decimal.
iv. Greater the significant figures in measured the more
accurate it is.
 Precision and Accuracy

1. Precise measurement:
• A precise measurement is one with less absolute uncertainty.
• Precision = Absolute uncertainty = Least count of instrument.
2. Accurate measurement:
• An accurate measurement has less fractional or percentage
uncertainty.
• Fractional uncertainty =
• Percentage uncertainty = 100
• The smaller the physical quantity the more precise
instrument should be used.
 Assessment of Total Uncertainty in the Final
Result
1. For addition and subtraction:
• Absolute uncertainties are added.
i. Example:
• x1 = 10.5 + 0.1 cm
• X2 = 26.8 + 0.1 cm
• x2 – x1= 16.3 + 0.2 cm
2. For multiplication and division:
• Percentage uncertainties are added.
i. Example:
• V = 5.2 + 0.1 V
• I = 0.84 + 0.05 A
• R = = 6.19 with % age uncertainty 8 %.
• R = 6.2 + 0.5 ohms
3. For power factor:
• Multiple the percentage uncertainty by that power.
i. Example:
• V = r3
• % age uncertainty in V = 3 % age uncertainty in r.
4. For uncertainty in average problem:
• Find the average value of measured values.
• Find deviation of each value from average value.
• The mean deviation is the uncertainty in the average value.
i. Example:
• 1.20, 1.22, 1.23, 1.19, 1.22, 1.21.
• Average value = 1.21 mm
• Deviations = 0.01, 0.01, 0.02, 0.02, 0.01, 0.
• Mean of deviation = 0.01 mm
• Uncertainty in reading = 1.21 + 0.01 mm
5. For uncertainty in a timing experiment:
• Divide L.C by number of vibration.
• Add uncertainty in recorded value.
i. Example:
• Time = 54.6 s
• L . C = 0.1 s
• Number of vibration = 30
• Time period = = 1.82 s
• Uncertainty = = 0.003 s
• Uncertainty in recorded value = 1.82 + 0.003 s
MCQ: Which of the following is the dimension of
Power?

A. ML2T-2
B. ML2T-3
C. MLT-2
D. MLT-1
MCQ: Which of the following Pair has same
dimensions?

A. Force, Torque
B. Energy, Pressure
C. Work, Heat
D. Electric current, Electric charge
MCQ: Which of the following is dimensionless
quantity:

A. Work
B. Refractive index
C. Gravitational constant
D. None of these
MCQ: Ratio of dimension of angular momentum to
linear momentum is?

A. Mass
B. Length
C. Time
D. Moment of inertia
MCQ: If T = c la gb is the time period of simple
pendulum, then the values of “a” and “b” are
respectively.
A. a = , b= 2
B. a = , b=
C. a = , b= -
D. a = - , b=
MCQ: If F = aT + bT2 then the dimension of “a” is
equal to?

A. MLT-2
B. ML2T-3
C. ML-1T2
D. MLT-3
MCQ: If MaLbTc is the dimension of force and
MxLyTz is the dimension of Work then
ax + by - cz=?
A. 1
B. -1
C. 2
D. 3
 Dimensional Analysis

1. Definition:
• Every physical quantity is represented in terms of base
quantity written in square brackets.
2. Advantages of Dimension Analysis:
• Deriving possible formula.
• Checking homogeneity of equations.
• Converting quantity from one system of unit to another.
3. Limitations of Dimension Analysis:
• Dimensional analysis does not give any information about
constant of proportionality.
• Dimensional analysis give no information about unit less
constants.
• Exponents have no dimensions.
• Trigonometrical ratios have no dimensions.
• Logarithms have no dimension.
4. Dimensions of Universal Constants:
• If the universal constants ‘h’, ‘c’ and ‘G’ are taken as base
quantities then:
• Mass =
 • Length =
• Time =
5. Dimensionless Quantities:
• Angle
• Refractive index
• Relative permitivity
• Relative permiability
• Reynolds number
• Specific gravity
• Strain etc.
6. Some Important Simple Dimension:
Quantity Formula Dimension
1. Velocity Distance / Time LT-1

2. Acceleration Velocity / Time LT-2

3. Force Mass × Acceleration MLT-2

4. Work Force × Displacement ML2T-2

5. Energy Force × Displacement ML2T-2

6. Power Work / Time ML2T-3

7. Torque Moment arm × Force ML2T-2

8. Momentum Mass × Velocity MLT-1

9. Impulse Force × Time MLT-1

 Quantity Formula Dimension
10. Area Length × Width L2

11. Volume Length × Length × Length L3

12. Density Mass / Volume ML-3

13. Pressure Force / Area ML-1T-2

14. Angular Displacement Arc length / Radius Dimensionless

15. Angular Velocity Angular displacement / Time T-1

16. Angular Acceleration Angular velocity / Time T-2

17. Moment Of Inertia Mass × Radius2 ML2

18. Angular Momentum Radius × Momentum ML2T-1

 Quantity Formula Dimension
19. Gravitational constant (F × R2) /M2 M-1L3T-2

20. Surface tension F/L MT-2

21. Stress F/A ML-1T-2

22. Strain ∆L / L Dimensionless

23. Co-efficient of viscosity F / (R × V) ML-1T-1

24. Time period T T

25. Frequency 1/T T-1

26. Force constant (k) F/X MT-2

27. Temperature Base quantity K

 Quantity Formula Dimension
28. Heat Energy ML2T-2

29. Specific heat Heat / (Mass × ∆T) L2T-2K-1

30. Latent heat Energy / Mass L2T-2K-1

31. Universal gas constant (P × V) / (N × t) ML2T-2K-1 MOL-1

32. Stefan's constant Energy / (Area × Time × T4) MT-3K-4

33. Boltzmann constant PV=NkT, T = <K.E> ML2T-2K-1

34. Planck constant E/f ML2T-1

35. Solar constant Energy / (Area × Time) MT-3

36. Entropy Heat / Temperature ML2T-2K-1

37. Charge Current x Time AT

 Quantity Formula Dimension
38. Electric field F/Q MLT-3A-1

39. Electric potential W/Q ML2T-3A-1

40. Electric flux E.A ML3T-3A-3

41. Resistance Potential / Current ML3T-3A-2

42. Capacitance Charge / Potential M-1L-3T4A

43. Magnetic induction B = F / (I×L) MT-2A-1

44. Magnetic flux B.A ML2T-2A-1

45. Decay constant 0.693 / t T-1

46. Radioactivity N/t T-1

47. Work function = hfo ML2T-2

MCQ: [ML2T-1] is a dimension of:

A. Atomic mass unit

B. Plank’s constant
C. Wein’s constant
D. Boltzmann constant
MCQ: The dimension of energy per unit volume is
equal to:

A. Pressure
B. Force
C. Work
D. Thrust
MCQ: The dimension of product of moment of
inertia and angular acceleration is:

A. ML2T-2
B. ML3
C. ML4T-2
D. ML-1T-2
MCQ: kgm-1s-1 is a unit of:

A. Momentum
B. Angular velocity
C. Coefficient of viscosity
D. Energy
MCQ: The ratio of dimensions of power to angular
momentum is:

A. T4 : 1
B. T2 : 1
C. 1 : T2
D. 1 : T3
MCQ: The dimension of solid angle is:

A. [L2]
B. [L]
C. [Lo]
D. [L-1]
MCQ: 1 watt hour =

A. 6.3 × 103 J
B. 3.6 × 103 J
C. 6.3 × 10-7 J
D. 3.6 × 10-3 J
MCQ: If earth is considered to be a sphere of radius r and
density ρ, then the value of g = krρ, where k is a
constant, the dimensions of “k” are.
A. ML2T-2
B. MLT-1
C. M-1L3T-2
D. 1
MCQ: The dimension of Gravitational constant are?

A. M0LT-2
B. ML2T-2
C. ML-1T-1
D. M-1L3T-2
MCQ: The product of RC has the dimensions of:

A. Frequency
B. Voltage
C. Decay constant
D. Time
MCQ: The ratio of has the dimensions of:

A. Time
B. Frequency
C. Decay constant
D. Angular velocity
MCQ: The dimension of the ration of angular to
linear momentum is:

A. M0L1T0
B. M1L1T1
C. M1L2T-1
D. M-1L-1T1
MCQ: The dimension of electron volt are same as
that of:

A. Force
B. Momentum
C. Torque
D. Co-efficient of viscosity
MCQ: F = αt-1 + βt then units of α and β are:

A. Ns, Ns-2
B. kgms-1, Ns-4
C. kgms-1, kgms-3
D. kgms-1, kgms-2
MCQ: Use of dimensional analysis involves in:

A. Finding the units of a quantity

B. Deriving a mathematical formula
C. Checking the correctness of an equation
D. All of these
MCQ: If A = B + C2 + D3 + and A = ML2T-2 then
dimension of C are:

A. ML2T-2
B. M1/2LT-1
C. M1/3L2/3T-2/3
D. M2L4T-4
MCQ: The dimension of are:

A. MLT-1
B. LT-1
C. M0LT-1
D. MT-2
MCQ: The dimension of are same as that of:

A. Time
B. Velocity
C. Length
D. Frequency
FORCE AND MOTION
10-05-2023
Rest and Motion

1. Rest:
• “If a body does not change its position w.r.t some observer,
then it is in state of rest”.

2. Motion:
• “If a body changes its position w.r.t some observer, then it is
in state of rest”.
• According to Einstein, rest and motion are not absolute
quantities. But according to me, Einstein’s statement is
absolute truth  
 • Rest and motion are relative to each other.
3. Terms related to Motion:
i. Distance:
• “Length of path between two points”.
• Scalar quantity.
• S = v t.
• Magnitude of displacement equal to distance.
ii. Displacement:
• “The change in position of a body from initial to final point”.
• Vector quantity.
• = t.
• In a straight line distance and displacement coincides to each
other.
iii. Speed:
• “Distance covered by a body per unit time”.
• Scalar quantity.
• v=
• In straight line, magnitude of velocity is equal to speed.

iv. Velocity:
• “Time rate of change of displacement of a body”.
• Vector quantity.
• =
a. Types of velocities:

Velocity

Average Uniform Variable Instantaneous Relative

velocity velocity velocity velocity velocity

⃗
d ∆ ⃗
d
⃗
V 𝑎𝑣 = ⃗
V ins=lim ¿ ∆ t →0 ¿
t ∆t
• Vr = V1 – V2
• If the instantaneous velocity and average velocity is same, then the
body is moving with uniform velocity.
v. Acceleration:
• Rate of change velocity with respect to time.
• Vector quantity.
• =
• If velocity of body decrease there is negative acceleration called
deceleration.
a. Types of acceleration:

Acceleration

Average Uniform Variable Instantaneou

acceleration acceleration acceleration s acceleration

⃗
d ∆ ⃗v
⃗ av=
a a⃗ ins=lim ¿ ∆ t → 0 ¿
t ∆t
MCQ: A particle moves half a distance with velocity
u and the other half with velocity v. The
average velocity is :
A.
B.
C.
D. u+v
Average velocity = (S1+S2)/(t1+t2) where t1=s1/v1 and
v2=s2/v2
Vav= =
MCQ: A train takes 1 hour to go from one station to the
other it travels at a speed of 30Kmh-1 for 1st half
hour and at a speed of 50Kmh-1 for the next half
hour, the average speed is:
A. 45 km h-1
B. 35 km h-1
C. 40 km h-1
D. 50 km h-1

Average velocity = (V1t1+V2t2)/(t1+t2)

Vav =
MCQ: A body covers one half of the distance with
2 m s-1 and other half with 4 m s-1 then the
average velocity is:
A. 6 m s-1
B. 2 m s-1
C. 8/3 m s-1
D. 3/8 m s-1

Vav =
 • If increase then and are in same direction.
• If decrease then and are in opposite direction.
vi. Displacement time graphs:
• d – t graph show the relation between displacement and time.
• Slope of d – t graph =
a. Zero or Constant Velocity:
• Slope:
• m=0
• Graph:
b. Uniform or +ive Constant Velocity:
• Slope:
• m = +ive Constant
• Graph:

c. Positive Variable Velocity:

• Slope:
• m = + ive.
• Graph:
d. Negative Variable Velocity:
• Slope:
• m = - ive.
• Graph:
vii.Velocity time graphs:
• v – t graph show the relation between velocity and time.
• Slope of v – t graph = .
a. Constant Acceleration :
• Slope:
• m=0
• Graph:
b. Uniform Increasing Acceleration:
• Slope:
• m = + ive constant .
• Graph:

c. Uniform Decreasing Acceleration ():

• Slope:
• m = - ive constant .
• Graph:
d. Variable Acceleration:
• Slope:
• m = variable .
• Graph:

• If instantaneous acceleration is equal to average accelaretaion then

acceleration of a body is uniform.
• Area under the V – t graph is equal to distance covered.
MCQ: An object with a constant speed moving in a
straight line:

A. Is not accelerated
B. Might be accelerated
C. Is always accelerated
D. Also has uniform velocity
MCQ: Time rate of change of position vector is
called:

A. Displacement
B. Velocity
C. Acceleration
D. Momentum
MCQ: Two bodies are moving in mutually
perpendicular direction with speed ‘v’
magnitude of their relative velocity is:
A. v
B. 2
C. 2v V
V
D.
V

V
1.41V
MCQ: If instantaneous velocity does not change,
then body is moving with:

A. Variable velocity
B. Uniform velocity
C. Zero velocity
D. Both B and C
MCQ: If a body is moving with uniform acceleration
then its:

A. Velocity is variable
B. Average velocity is not zero
C. Average velocity = Instantaneous velocity
D. All of these
MCQ: If an object is moving initially at velocity of 5
m s-1 with an acceleration of 2 m s-2 in 5 sec.
Then calculate the final velocity of the body?
A. 5 ms-1
B. 10 ms-1
C. 15 ms-1
D. 20 ms-1

Vf = Vi + at
MCQ: If an object is moving initially at velocity of 5 m s -1
with an acceleration of 2 m s-2 in 5 sec. Then
calculate the distance covered by the body?
A. 25 m
B. 50 m
C. 75 m
D. 100 m

S = vi t + (0.5) a t2
MCQ: If a body covered 100 m distance with an
acceleration of 2 ms-2 in 5 sec. Then calculate
initial velocity of the body:
A. 10 ms-1
B. 15 ms-1
C. 20 ms-1
D. 25 ms-1

S = vi t + (0.5) a t2
MCQ: If a body covered 200 m distance with
velocity of 5 ms-1 in 5 sec. Then calculate the
acceleration in a body:
A. 5.33 ms-2
B. 4.33 ms-2
C. 6.33 ms-2
D. None of these

S = vi t + (0.5) a t2
MCQ: If a body is dropped from certain height for
4 s. Then calculate the height covered by a
body?
A. 76.4 m
B. 77.4 m
C. 78.4 m
D. 79.4 m

H = g t2
MCQ: If a body is moving with 5 ms -1 and after some time its
velocity becomes 10 ms-1 with an acceleration
5 ms-2. Then calculate the distance covered by a body:

A. 7 m
B. 7.5 m
C. 8 m
D. 8.5 m

2aS=
MCQ: vi = 5 m s-1 , vf = 10 m s-1 and S = 10 m. Then
calculate a = ?

A. 15 / 2 ms-2
B. 15 / 3 ms-2
C. 15 / 4 ms-2
D. 15 / 5 ms-2

2aS=
MCQ: If a ball is thrown vertically upwards with
initial velocity of 20 ms-1. Then calculate the
height of the body?
A. 10 m
B. 20 m
C. 30 m
D. 40 m

2 (-g) h =
Vf = 0
MCQ: If a ball is dropped from height of 20 m. Then
calculate the velocity of the body?

A. 10 ms-1
B. 20 ms-1
C. 30 ms-1
D. 40 ms-1

2gh=
2 (10)(20) = (vf)2
vf = 20 m/s
MCQ: From the top of a 30 m high cliff a stone is
dropped at the same instant a stone is projected
vertically upward with 30 ms-1 velocity. After how
much time they will cross each other?
A. 1 s
B. 2 s
.
30 - h
P
30 m
C. 3 s h

D. 4 s

30-h=0.5gt2
h = (30)t-(0.5)gt2
Adding both equations gives
30 = 30 t  t = 1 s
MCQ: vi = 36 km/h, vf = 0, t = 30 sec. Then a = ?

A. 1/2 ms-2
B. 1/3 ms-2
C. -1/2 ms-2
D. -1/3 ms-2

Vi = (36)(1000)/(3600) = 10 m/s
MCQ: For a uniformly accelerated body starting from
rest, if S1st = 10 m, a = 20 ms-2. Then calculate
S2nd = ?
A. 20 m
B. 30 m
C. 40 m
D. 50 m

Sn = (2n-1)()
MCQ: Tripling the speed of a vehicle increases the
distance needed for stopping it by:

A. 3 times
B. 6 times
C. 9 times
D. 9/2 times

2 (-a) S = vf2 – vi2

MCQ: A boy on a 20 m high cliff drops a stone. 1 sec later
he throws another stone which hit the ground
simultaneously. Calculate the time of first stone
velocity of second stone to hit the ground:
A. 1 s, 15 ms-1
B. 2 s, 15 ms-1
C. 1 s, 10 ms-1
D. 2 s, 10 ms-1

h = 0.5 g t2  20 = 0.5 (10) t2  t = 2 s

For second object, time = 1 s
Use h = vi t + 0.5 g t2
20 = v (1) + 0.5 (10)(1)2  v = 15 m/s
Equation of Uniformly Accelerated Motion

1. Equation of Motion:
i. 1st Equation:
• Vf = Vi + at
ii. 2nd Equation:
• S = Vit + at2
iii. 3rd Equation:
• 2aS = Vf2 – Vi2
iv. Distance Formula:
• S = Vav t
• S= t
2. General Concept:
• If ‘Sn’ is distance covered in nth second.
• Sn = Vi + (2n - 1).
i. For Example:
• If a ball is dropped from certain height, then distance covered in
the fifth second.
• S5 = 0 + (2(5) - 1)
• S5 = 45 m.
ii. Maximum Height Attained:
• 2aS = V f2 – V i 2
• 2(-g)S = 02 – Vi2
• h =
iii. Time to reached maximum height:
• Vf = Vi + at
• tup =
iv. Total Time of motion:
• t’ = 2t =
• If a body is dropped from certain height then distance covered
in 1 sec, 2 sec and n sec respectively.
• S = Vit + at2
• S1 = at2
• S2 = 22 S1 = 4 S1
• S3 = 32 S1 = 9 S1
•
•
•
• Sn = n2 S1 =
v. Ratio of distance travelled in One, Two, Three and Four
second of freely falling body:
• S1 : S2 : S3 : S4
• g(1)2 : g(2)2 : g(3)2 : g(4)2
• (1)2 : (2)2 : (3)2 : (4)2
• 1 : 4 : 9 : 16
vi. If a body is dropped from certain height the ratio of
distance travelled in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th sec.
• S1st : S2nd : S3rd : S4th
• (2-1) : (4-1) : (6-1) : (8-1)
• 1 : 3 : 5 : 7
MCQ: A stone from the top of a tower, travels 25 m
in the last second of its journey. The height of
the tower is (g=10 m/s2):
A. 45 m
B. 90 m
C. 72 m
D. 135 m

Sn = (2n-1)g/2
S = 0.5 g t2
5:15:25:35
MCQ: A ball is thrown upward with a speed of
20 ms-1, strikes the top of tower after 2 sec.
The height of the tower is:
A. 60 m
B. 180 m
C. 20 m
D. 120 m
i. If a body is dropped from certain height then time taken to
reached the ground is:
• S = Vit + at2
• h = 0 + gt2
• t=
ii. Velocity of the body to reached the ground is:
• 2aS = Vf2 – Vi2
• 2gh = Vf2 – 02
• Vf =
MCQ: A stone is dropped from the top of the tower
takes 5 sec to reach the ground. What is
height:
A. 40 m
B. 60 m
C. 125 m
D. 90 m
MCQ: A ball dropped from certain height. Find the
position and speed of ball after 2 sec
(g=9.8 ms-1):
A. 4.9m, 19.6ms-1
B. 19.6m, 19.6ms-1
C. 8.9m, 9.8ms-1
D. 4.9m, 9.8ms-1
MCQ: While shaking hands with each others, what
kind of force do we exert?

A. Nuclear force Electromagnetic Forces:

• Electric force.
B. Gravitational force • Magnetic force.
• Tension.
C. Weak force • Spring.
D. Electromagnetic force •
•
Normal force.
Friction.
• Viscosity.
• Buoyancy.
MCQ: Reluctance of object to change its state of
rest or motion is termed as:

A. Mass
B. Time
C. Weight
D. Inertia
Newton’s Laws of Motion

1. 1st Law of Motion:

• 1st law is also known as law of inertia.
• 1st law gives the qualitative definition of force.
F=0 a=0
i. Examples:
• To move an object which is at rest.

• To stop a moving object.

ii. Inertial Frame of Refrence:

• Frame of reference in which 1st law valid.
• Earth is non-inertial frame of reference (exactly speaking).
2. 2nd Law of Motion:
• Force equals mass times of acceleration.
i. Example:
ii. Force:
• An agency which produces or tends to produce acceleration in a
body.
a. Units of Force:
• SI unit:
• 1N = 1 kg m s-2.
• CGS unit:
• 1 dyne = 1 g cm s-2
• Conversion dyne to Newton:
• 1N = 105 dyne
• If same force is applied on two bodies. Then;
m1a1 = m2a2
a1 / a2 = m1 / m2
iii. Acceleration:
• 2nd law gives the quantity of acceleration.
a=
3. 3rd Law of Motion:
• For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
• Mathematical Form:
• FA = - F R
MCQ: The action and reaction forces referred to
Newton's third law of motion:

A. Must act upon the same body

B. Must act upon different bodies
C. Need not to be equal in magnitude but must have
the same line of action
D. Must be equal in magnitude but need not have the
same line of action
MCQ: What is the net accelerating force of the given figure?

A. 5 N
B. 10 N
C. 15 N
D. None of these
• Remember that
F = ma
• Is always the net force.
4. Inertia:
• A property of matter by which it continues in its existing state
of rest or uniform motion.
• Types of Inertia:
i. Inertia of Rest:
• It is the inability of body to change its state of rest by itself.
• Examples:
• A large force is required to set up a lawn roller into motion.
• Backward falls of a standing person in a bus.
• The falling of leaves or fruits from the tree.
• Fall of dust particles inside a woolen blanket.
• Broken of glass into number of pieces when stone hits a window
pane whereas it leaves a clean hole for high speed bullet.
ii. Inertia of Motion:
• It is the inability of body to change its state of motion by itself.
• Examples:
• A man getting down of a moving bus or train falls forward.
• Before taking a long jump an athelete runs some distance.
• A ball thrown upwards in a running train continues to move along
with the train.
• A passenger sitting in a moving car falls forward, when the car stop
suddenly.
iii. Inertia of Direction:
• It is the inability of body to change its direction by itself.
• Examples:
• When a car suddenly takes a bend, the passengers are thrown in the
outward direction.
• A body, released from a balloon rising up, continues to move in the
forward direction of balloon.
MCQ: According to which law of motion, single
unstable force cannot exists:

A. 1st law
B. 2nd law
C. 3rd law
D. All of them

Forces always exist in pairs during interaction of

objects.
MCQ: 3rd law of motion explain:

A. Effect of force
B. Existence of force
C. Effect of acceleration
D. Existence of pair of forces
MCQ: Two masses of 1 g and 4 g are moving with
equal kinetic energies. The ratio of the
magnitudes of velocities is:
A. 4:1
B. :1
C. 2:1
D. 1 : 16
MCQ: Two particles of masses m1 and m2 have equal
kinetic energies. The ratio of their momenta
is:
A. m1 : m2
B. m2 : m1
C. :
D. :
MCQ: If momentum of a body increase by 50% then
its E will be increase by:

A. 100 %
B. 125 %
C. 150 %
D. 200 %
MCQ: The momentum of 2 kg box relative to the
person is (moving at 25 m/s w.r.t person):

A. 100 N s
B. 25 N s
C. 50 N s
D. None
Momentum

1. Definition:
• “Product of mass and velocity”.
=m
• Momentum is the quantity of motion in a body.
i. Unit and Dimension of Momentum:
• kg m s-1 or N s
• [M L T-1]
ii. Special Conditions:
• If = 0 then =0
• if m = constant
 • if v = constant
• If = constant then v
2. 2nd Law of Motion in term of Momentum:
• “Time rate of change of momentum equals the applied
force”.
= =
• Direction of force is in the direction of change in momentum.
3. Impulse:
• “Product of force and time or change in momentum”.
t= =
• Impulse is momentum with same unit and dimension as
momentum.
4. Relation between Momentum and Energy:
• If = m and E = m2
i. Energy in term of Momentum:
• E=
ii. Momentum in term of Energy:
• P=
iii. If Momentum of two bodies are same:
• =
• E
• Lighter body will have largest K.E.
iv. If Energy of two bodies are same:
• =
 • P
• Havier bodies will have larger momentum.
v. If E increase by n% then percentage change in
Momentum:
% age change in momentum =
=
vi. If P increase by n% then percentage change in Energy:
% age change in energy =
=
10-05-2023
5. Law of Conservation of Momentum:
• The total linear momentum of an isolated system remain
constant.
m1v1 + m2v2 = m1 + m2
• The sum of change in momentum for two colliding bodies in
an isolated system is zero.
MCQ: The identical stationary disc P, Q and R are places
in a line horizontal flat frictionless surface. Disc P is
projected straight towards Q. P … Q … R
If all collisions are elastic, what will be final
momentum of discs:
P Q R
A. Moving left Moving left Moving Right
B. Moving left Stationary Moving right
C. Moving left Moving Right Moving Right
D. Stationary Stationary Moving Right
MCQ: A body initially at rest explodes into two
masses M1 and M2 , that move apart with
speed of v1 and v2 respectively. The ration
A.
B.
C.
D.
MCQ: When a force of 4 N acts on a mass of 2 kg for
a time of 2 sec. What is rate of change of
momentum:
A. 1 kg m s-2
B. 2 kg m s-2
C. 4 kg m s-2
D. 8 kg m s-2
Elastic and Inelastic Collision

1. Collision:
• “An event in which two or more bodies exert forces on each
other for a relatively short time”.
2. Types of Collision:
Collision

Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision

(Both K.E and (Only linear
momentum are momentum is
conserved) conserved)
3. Elastic collision in 1 – dimension:
• m1v1 + m2v2 = m1 + m2 (For isolated system)
• m + m2 = m1 + m2 (K.E conserved)
v1 – v 2 = - ( - )
speed of approach = speed of separation
= v1 + v2
= v1 + v2
i. Some special cases:
• When m1 = m2 = m then = v2 and = v1.
• When m1 = m2 = m and v2 = 0 then = 0 and = v1.
• When m1 >>> m2 and v2 = 0 then = v1 and = 2v1.
• When m1 <<< m2 and v2 = 0 then = -v1 and = 0.
Force due to Water flow

1. Statement:
• Force due to water flow is “the product of negative of mass
per second and change in velocity”.
F=-
• According to third law;
• The reaction force exerted by water on the wall is;
F = - (-) =
Momentum and Explosive Forces

1. Statement:
• “Total momentum of all fragments equals the initial
momentum of the shell”.
2. Mathematical Form:
mv (riffle) + Mv’ (bullet) = 0
mv = - Mv’
v’ = -
Rocket Propulsion

1. Statement:
• Rockets move by expelling burning gas through engines at
their rare.
• The rocket gains momentum equal to the momentum of the
gas expelled from the engine but in opposite direction.
a=
• m = mass per sec
• mv = change in momentum per second
• Mass of rocket decreases so acceleration increase.
2. Key points:
• Rocket carries fuel in the form of liquid or gases (hydrogen
and oxygen).
• Rocket continuously expel gases and gain more and more
momentum.
• Typical rocket consume 10000 kg fuel in 1 sec.
• Rocket eject gases at an speeds over 4000 ms-1.
• 80 % mass of rocket consist of fuel only.
MCQ: A ball is projected at an angle of 450 to the
horizontal. If the horizontal range is 20 m, the
maximum height to which the ball rises is
(g=10 m/s2):
A. 2.5 m
B. 5.0 m
C. 7.5 m
D. 10 m
MCQ: A man standing at the top of tower has two spheres
A and B. He drops sphere A downwards and throws
sphere B horizontally at the same time. Which of the
following is correct?
A. Both the sphere will reach the ground
simultaneously
B. A will reach the ground first
C. B will reach the ground first
D. The question is incomplete because the masses of
the sphere are not given
MCQ: A ball is projected with a speed of 20 m/s.
What are the two angles of projection for
which the range is 20 m? (g=10m/s2):
A. 150, 750
B. 300, 600
C. 450, 450
D. None of these
MCQ: A man is a train moving with a constant velocity
drops a ball on the platform. The path of the ball as
seen by an observer standing on the platform is:
A. A straight line
B. A circle
C. A parabola
D. None of these
Projectile Motion

1. Definition:
• “Two dimensional motion under constant acceleration due to
gravity”.
ay = g.
• Path followed by projectile is called trajectory.
2. Distance formulas during projectile motion:
• x = vx x t
• y = h = gt2 t=
3. Velocities during projectile motion:
• vfx = vix = vi cos
• viy = vi sin
• vfy = vi sin – gt
• v=
• = tan-1
• At highest point vy = 0 and vx = constant, So velocity is
minimum.
4. Height of projectile:
• “The maximum height the projectile attains”.
H=
H= (‘t’ is time of flight)
5. Time of Flight:
• “Time taken by projectile from launching to landing”.
t=
• Time to reach max height.
t’ =
6. Range of Projectile:
• “Maximum distance which a projectile covers in the horizontal
direction”.
R=
• At = 45o
Rmax =
 • So,
R = Rmax
• Range of projectile also be maximum at angle nearer to 45o.
4H = R tan
• For = 45o,
4H = Rmax
• Ranges are same for two complementary angles are;
R = R90-θ
7. Key points:
• Two dimensional motion with acceleration in one
dimensional.
• At highest point angle between velocity and acceleration is
90o.
 • The factor which remain constant during projectile motion is;
• Horizontal velocity ‘vx’
• ay = g
• ax = 0
• Horizontal Range;
R=H for = 76o
8. Ballistic Missiles:
• “Unpowered or unguided missile”.
• Useful for short range.
• Air resistance affect its vertical and horizontal motion.
• Powered or remote control guided missile
are used for long range.
MCQ: The direction of motion of a projectile at
maximum height is:

A. Horizontal
B. Vertical
C. Any direction
D. No direction
MCQ: A body projected at an angle of 60o with ‘v’. If
initial K.E is ‘K’ then K.E at highest point:

A. K/2
B. K
C. K/4
D. 2K
MCQ: In the absence of air resistance a stone is
thrown from ‘P’ and highest point is ‘F’, Then
vertical component of acceleration at ‘F’ is:
A. Zero at F
B. Greatest at F
C. Greatest P
D. Same as at ‘P’
MCQ: At the top of trajectory of projectile
acceleration is:

A. g
B. max
C. min
D. Zero
MCQ: A body is projected at 450 with horizontal.
Then ratio of range to max height is:

A. 1:4
B. 1:2
C. 2:1
D. 4:1
MCQ: A body of mass 2 kg is projected vertically
upward with a velocity of 2 m s-1. The K.E of
body just before striking the ground is:
A. 2 J
B. 4 J
C. 6 J
D. 8 J
MCQ: The acceleration of projectile along X-axis is:

A. Zero
B. Equal to ‘g’
C. Smaller than ‘g’
D. Greater than ‘g’
MCQ: A projectile is fired at angle to the horizontal at a
speed ‘u’ as shown. What is vertical and horizontal
component of its velocity after time ‘t’ respectively:
A.
B.
C.
D.
MCQ: R = Rmax / 2 when angle of projection is:

A. 30
B. 60
C. 15
D. 900
MCQ: Projectile is fired with velocity of 100 ms -1 at
= 600 with ground velocity at highest point
is:
A. 0
B. 80 ms-1
C. 50 ms-1
D. 100 ms-1
MCQ: For what angle of projection R = H:

A. 450
B. 300
C. 760
D. 600
MCQ: In an inelastic collision between two bodies,
following is/are conserved?

A. Energy
B. Momentum
C. Both A & B
D. None of these
MCQ: When you drop a ball it accelerate at 9.8/sec 2. If you
instead throw it downward then accelerates immediately
after leaving you hand assuming no air resistance?
Acceleration is:
A. 9.8
B. More than 9.8
C. Less than 9.8
D. Depending throwing speed
MCQ: A shell is fired at an angle of 45 degree above
ground with an initial velocity of 100 m/s. It will hit
the ground, assuming g = 10 m/s2 after about:
A. 7 sec
B. 10 sec
C. 14 sec
D. 20 sec
MCQ: Find the average speed of the car whose
velocity – time graph is shown in the figure.

A. 10 m/s
B. 15 m/s
C. 17.5 m/s
D. 20 m/s
MCQ: A 1000 kg truck carrying a load of 500 kg travels on a
mountain road for 5 min at constant speed. Its power output
is 2500 W. Assuming g = 10 ms-2, it will achieve a vertical
height:
A. 75 m
B. 50 m
C. 25 m
D. 100 m

P = mgh/t
h = Pt/mg=(2500*300)/(1500*10)
MCQ: A helicopter is ascending vertically at the rate of
19.6 ms-1. What it is at a height of 156.8 m above the
ground. How long the stone takes to reach the ground:
A. 8 sec
B. 4 sec
C. 6 sec
D. 10 sec
MCQ: If a player throw a ball towards other. Ball
taking time to reached is 5 sec. Find max height
attain by the ball taking g = 10 ms-2:
A. 13.25 m
B. 21.5 m
C. 20 m
D. 15.6 m
MCQ: A projectile has max range of 200 m. What is
maximum height attained by it?

A. 25 m
B. 50 m
C. 75 m
D. 100 m
MCQ: Which will more effective in knocking a bear:

A. A rubber bullet
B. A lead bullet
C. Both has same effect
D. None of these
MCQ: A ball rolls down a frictionless inclined plane with a
uniform acceleration of 1 m s-2. if velocity at the some instant of
time is 10 m s-1. What will be the velocity after
5 sec?
A. 5 ms-1
B. 10 ms-1
C. 15 ms-1
D. 16 ms-1
MCQ: Force F is required to be applied on a body of
1 kg placed on inclined plane at an angle of 30
degree to move it at uniform velocity. The force is:
A. mg/2
B. mg √3
C. mg / √3
D. mg / √2
MCQ: If the speed of system is increased by keeping
the momentum constant, the mass of system will:

A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Both (A) and (B)
D. None of these
Since, there are no stupid questions, so always ask
them.

QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION