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    Bimolecules G10

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    Proteins and nucleic acids are important biomolecules. Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20 amino acids that make up human proteins, of which 9 are essential and must be obtained through food. Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA control hereditary traits by coding for protein production. DNA contains genetic information and is found in cell nuclei, while RNA carries out protein synthesis and is found in many cell locations. Both proteins and nucleic acids are made up of polymers - proteins are chains of amino acids and nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides.

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    Bimolecules G10

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    hmoncatar.bul
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    Proteins and nucleic acids are important biomolecules. Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20 amino acids that make up human proteins, of which 9 are essential and must be obtained through food. Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA control hereditary traits by coding for protein production. DNA contains genetic information and is found in cell nuclei, while RNA carries out protein synthesis and is found in many cell locations. Both proteins and nucleic acids are made up of polymers - proteins are chains of amino acids and nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides.

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    Grade 10- Lesson Biomolecules - PPT

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    Bimolecules-G10

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    Proteins and nucleic acids are important biomolecules. Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20 amino acids that make up human proteins, of which 9 are essential and must be obtained through food. Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA control hereditary traits by coding for protein production. DNA contains genetic information and is found in cell nuclei, while RNA carries out protein synthesis and is found in many cell locations. Both proteins and nucleic acids are made up of polymers - proteins are chains of amino acids and nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    18 views15 pages

    Bimolecules G10

    Uploaded by

    hmoncatar.bul
    Proteins and nucleic acids are important biomolecules. Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20 amino acids that make up human proteins, of which 9 are essential and must be obtained through food. Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA control hereditary traits by coding for protein production. DNA contains genetic information and is found in cell nuclei, while RNA carries out protein synthesis and is found in many cell locations. Both proteins and nucleic acids are made up of polymers - proteins are chains of amino acids and nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 15

    Biomolecules: Proteins and Nucleic Acids

    PROTEINS
    Proteins are made up of elements carbon,
    hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Let's
    continue the story of Aaron Jay on his journey,
    this time to the world of proteins. From the
    result of his activity, he knew that egg white,
    fish, meat, and cheese are foods rich in proteins.
    He learned from their discussion that proteins
    are found in all living cells. They are the second
    most common molecules found in the human
    body (after water) and makeup about 10% to
    20% of the mass of a cell. So whenever Aaron
    Jay eats protein-rich foods, his digestive system
    breaks the long protein chains into a simpler
    substance called amino acids
    He learned from his Chemistry class that amino acids are
    the building blocks of proteins. Of the 20 amino acids
    found in human protein, only 11 can be synthesized by
    the body, and 9 have to be supplied by the foods we eat.
    These 9 amino acids are also called essential amino acids.

    Adults only need to obtain eight of them: valine, isoleucine, leucine,


    lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and tryptophan. The
    ninth amino acid- histidine- is only essential for infants. Your body
    doesn't store amino acids, so it needs a regular daily supply of these
    essential building blocks. Nonessential is a slightly misleading label
    because these amino acids actually fill essential roles, but since your
    body synthesizes them, they're not an essential part of your diet. Of
    the 11 nonessential amino acids, eight are called conditional amino
    acids. When you're sick or under significant stress, your body may Figure 1. Structure of amino acid
    not be able to produce enough of these amino acids to meet your
    needs. The list of conditional amino acids includes arginine,
    glutamine, tyrosine, cysteine, glycine, proline, serine, and ornithine.
    The remaining three-alanine, asparagine, and aspartate- are
    nonessential.
    Figure 12 shows the structure of amino acids. Amino acids are organic molecules
    that contain two functional groups: a basic NH2 amino group and an acidic-COOH
    carboxylic acid group.

    When two amino acids react with each other in an acid-base reaction, a peptide is formed. The
    basic amino group of one amino acid reacts with the acidic carboxylic group of another amino
    acid, forming the peptide, and a molecule of water is lost.
    This reaction shown above is Amino acids
    classified as a condensation reaction Secondary protein structure
    because the two amino acid Hydrogen bonding of the
    molecules join together, and water peptide backbone causes the
    amino acids to fold into a
    is formed. The bond formed is repeating pattern.
    called a peptide bond, and the
    product is a dipeptide because it is Primary protein structure
    made up of two amino acid units. Sequence of a chain of amino
    acids.
    Longer chains are called
    polypeptides, and chains of 50 or Pleated Sheet
    more amino acids are called
    Tertiary protein Structure
    proteins. Three dimensional folding
    pattern of a protein due to side
    chain interactions.

    Quaternary protein structure


    Protein consisting of more than
    one amino acid chain
    Proteins are characterized by their primary, secondary,
    tertiary, and quaternary structures. The kind of amino acids,
    which make up the chain, the sequence in which the amino
    acids are arranged, and the chain's length distinguishes the
    primary structure of proteins. The secondary structures of
    proteins refer to the coiling of the protein chain a ∞-helix
    structure, formation of b sheets, or twisting into random
    structures. These structures result from interactions between R
    groups, H- bonding, or S-S formation bonds between chains.
    Protein molecules are so long that they automatically coil, fold
    or twist. The resulting shape is unique for each polypeptide in a
    particular medium, at a specific pH. The tertiary structure
    describes the coiled chain's shape when it is folded or hydrated
    in its natural state.
    The quaternary protein structure involves the clustering
    of several individual peptides into a final specific shape.
    A variety of bonding interactions, including hydrogen
    bonding, salt bridges, and disulfide bonds, hold the
    various chains into a particular geometry.

    Another type of protein is the enzymes. It is known as


    biological catalysts. In Grade 8 Biology, you have learned the
    amazing action of catalysts, particularly during the digestion
    process. These molecules speed up biochemical reactions
    Amino acids Primary protein structure Sequence of a chain of
    amino acids. Secondary protein structure Hydrogen bonding of
    the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a
    repeating pattern. Pleated Sheet without themselves being used
    up in the process. They are also highly specific. They act only
    on certain molecules called substrates (reactants) while leaving
    the rest of the system unaffected. The role of an enzyme can be
    compared to a lock and a key.
    The lock will not open unless you use the right key. In the same
    manner, an enzyme works for a specific substrate like the
    enzyme lactose. Its role is to breakdown the sugar lactose into
    glucose and galactose. You must appreciate the role of the
    enzyme in the body. Without them, chemical reactions in the
    body may be too slow to occur in normal conditions and may
    affect the normal functioning of the body's different systems.

    NUCLEIC ACIDS

    Nucleic acids are molecules that code for hereditary traits by


    controlling the production of protein. Like proteins, nucleic
    acids are a long chain of polymers consisting of simpler units or
    monomers. There are two kinds of nucleic acids: DNA,
    deoxyribonucleic acid, RNA, or ribonucleic acid. DNA found
    mainly in the cell nuclei contains the genetic information that
    codes for the sequences of amino acids in proteins. RNA is
    found in many places in the cell and carries out the synthesis of
    proteins.
    The monomer of the nucleic acids is the nucleotides. They are
    made up of three parts: a five-carbon sugar (pentose), a
    phosphate group, and a ring-shaped base containing a nitrogen
    base. In this model, the sphere represents a phosphate group, the
    pentagon represents a five-carbon sugar (pentose), and the
    rectangle represents a nitrogencontaining base.

    The double-helix consists of two linear strands of polymerized


    nucleotides that bound about each other. The two strands are
    held together by hydrogen bonds that form between pairs of
    nucleotides. Adenine (A) forms hydrogen bonds with thymine
    (T) of the other strand. Cytosine (C) forms hydrogen bonds with
    a guanine (G) of the other strand.
    The process by which an identical copy of the original DNA is
    formed is called DNA replication. An analogy of DNA
    replication is opening a zipper. As you open, each side of the
    zipper acts as a template to synthesize a new, complementary
    strand. The result is two new DNA molecules with the same base
    pair sequence as the original double helix

    Proteins are responsible for observable traits like curly


    hair, blue eyes, dark skin, etc. DNA and RNA molecules
    direct the synthesis of proteins in the cells. However, this
    is beyond the scope of this module.
    Activity 1: Proteins and Nucleic Match!
    Matching Types
    Direction: Match column A with the correct answer on column B, write
    only the letter of answer on the blank provided at the right side of column
    A.
    1. The building blocks of proteins a. Proteins
    2. Are the polymers of amino acids b. Peptide
    3. Known as the biological catalysts c. Amino acid
    4. To be supplied by the food we eat d. Nucleic acid
    5. When two amino acids react with each e. Essential Amino acids
    Amino other in an acid-base reaction f. DNA
    6. The sequence in which the amino acids are arranged g. RNA
    7. Found mainly in the cell nuclei contain genetic h. Enzymes
    information i. Primary Structure
    8. Found in many places in the cell carries out the j. Nucleotides
    synthesis of proteins
    9. The monomers of nucleic acids
    10. Are molecules that code for hereditary traits by
    controlling the production of protein
    Activity 2: Essentially for You!
    Direction: Check (/) the appropriate column which describes the kind of amino
    acids, the essential, non-essential, and conditional amino acids.
    Activity 3: True or False
    Direction: Check (√) the column for the true statement and mark (x) the
    column for the false statement.

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