ATOMS

AND
MOLECULES
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Prepared by : Ma’am Honeylyn

 THE BEGINNING

According to Thales of Miletus, all things came from water, and the Earth itself
floats on water. A century after Thales' death, Leucippus, a Greek Philosopher,
conceived the idea of indivisible units called atoms (meaning 'uncut'). This idea
was developed in the late fifth and early fourth centuries B.C. by Democritus, a
student of Leucippus.
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 THE BEGINNING
Democritus believed that any piece of matter could be divided and
subdivided into very small particles, but this process ended at some
point when a piece is reached that could not be further divided. His
belief about matter being composed of tiny particles led him to use the
term atomos (which later became atoms) to describe these ultimate
particles. Democritus' ideas about the atom were later challenged by
other Greek philosophers, most strongly by Aristotle, who rejected the
idea of the atomism of matter.
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 Today, we know that although atoms are very small, they are not
indivisible as Democritus thought, rather they consist of still smaller
particles. Democritus was right in one aspect of his belief, that is,
atoms are the smallest particles of which substances are made.
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 JOHN DALTON'S ATOMIC THEORY
In the early nineteenth century, John Dalton, an
English scientist, performed experiments with gases.
His results convinced him that matter was made up of
tiny, indivisible particles. Dalton observed that the same
amounts of hydrogen and oxygen always combine to
form a given amount of water. He reasoned that each
element must be made of its own unique kind of
particle and that these particles combine in simple
ways.
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Prepared by: Ma’am Honeylyn

 Based on his experiments, Dalton developed a theory of the structure of matter.
His theory contained four main concepts:

1. All matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.

2. Atoms of each element are exactly alike. Atoms of different elements are
different in some fundamental way or ways.
3. Atoms can combine with other atoms to form compounds. Atoms can
combine in simple numerical ratios such as 1:1, 1:2, 2:3, and so on.
4. Atoms are reorganized during a chemical reaction but not changed.
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 ATOMS & MOLECULES
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that has all the properties of the element.
Atoms are too small to observe. These particles cannot be seen under the high-powered
light microscopes used in school laboratories. The size of an atom is measured in
Angstroms. One angstrom is a unit of length equal to one ten-millionth of a millimeter.

The best light microscope can magnify an image only about 1,500 times. Electron
microscopes create a highly magnified image of up to 1 million times. The scanning
tunneling microscope (STM) allows scientists to view and scan the surface of very small
particles like atoms. It can magnify an image 10 million times. The STM creates a profile
of the surface of an atom, and then a computer-generated model or contour map is
produced. So, only a model of the surface of an atom is generated by a computer when a
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scanning tunneling microscope is used. The picture of atoms generated is unlike the picture
we take with our cameras.
 ATOMS & MOLECULES
A molecule is a particle consisting of two or more atoms combined together in
a specific arrangement. It is an electrically neutral particle. It is the smallest
particle of an element or compound that can exist independently. For example,
a molecule of water (H2O) consists of an oxygen atom combined with two
hydrogen atoms. Atoms of the same element can also combine to form a
molecule. For example, oxygen in the air consists of oxygen molecules, which
are made up of two oxygen atoms, O2.
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 ANALOGY: ATOMS AND
POINTILLISM
A good analogy to consider related to matter
being composed of tiny particles, is the
pointillist style of painting. The images in a
pointillist painting appear continuous, but if
one looks closely, the images are actually made
of small dots. Pointillism is a method of
painting using dots to come up with various
effects. The dots are placed singly, in rows, or
randomly. These dots can also be in groups, or
they can be overlapping. They can be either
uniform or varied in size in the same painting.
Matter is similarly assembled, with atoms of
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different elements combining in various ways

to give a tremendous variety of substances.
 ANALOGY: ATOMS AND
POINTILLISM
In Figure 1(a), the image of Dolores F. Hernandez,
founding Director of the Science Education Center, now
University of the Philippines National Institute for
Science and Mathematics Education Development was
done through pointillist painting. The image appears
continuous. In Figure 1(b), a portion of the painting
(boxed in Figure 1a) is blown up to show that the
continuous image actually consists of dots. The lightness
and darkness of the pigments give volume to the image in
order to show smoothness. Similarly, matter, which
appears to be continuous like the image in Figure 1(a) is
made up of very small particles that cannot be seen with
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the unaided eye.

 ACTIVITY
Objectives: After performing this activity, you should be able to:

1. Infer from given situations or observable events what matter is

made of; and
2. Explain how these observed situations or events give evidence
that matter is made of tiny particles.
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PROCEDURE
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Questions
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 01
We will talk about this first.
Add a brief introduction of your section here.

Let’s dive in and get to know some interesting facts about

animals!
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 Elephants and storms.
Did you Did you know that elephants can sense storms?

know? Elephants may be able to detect a thunderstorm

from hundreds of miles away, and will head
towards it, looking for water.
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 Did you know?
A man's best friend... Mmm, can I fit in?...

Did you know that dogs can smell your Did you know that a cat uses its
feelings? whiskers as feelers to determine if a
space is too small to squeeze through?
Dogs can pick up on subtle changes in your
scent, which can help him figure out how you Also, cats love to sleep. A fifteen-year-
are feeling, such as by smelling your old cat has probably spent ten years of
perspiration when you become nervous or its life sleeping.
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fearful.
 “ Clearly, animals know more than we
think, and think a great deal more than we
know.
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― Irene M. Pepperberg
 Did you know?
1 Pandas don’t hibernate.
When winter approaches, they head lower down their mountain homes to warmer
temperatures, where they continue to chomp away on bamboo!

2 There are more kangaroos than humans in Australia.

It is estimated that more than 50 million kangaroos live there. They are Australia’s
national symbol and appear on postage stamps, coins, and airplanes.

3
Koalas are even more lazy than cats.
Koalas don’t have much energy and, when not feasting on leaves, they spend their
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time dozing in the branches. Believe it or not, they can sleep for up to 18 hours a day!
 Very interesting
facts!
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 Some facts about my cats.

100% Of my cats are adorable.

25% Traveled by plane. Twice!

75% Are females.

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 Let’s review some facts.

1 Elephants 2 Pandas
Elephants can sense storms. Pandas don’t hibernate.

3 Dogs 4 Kangaroos
Dogs can smell your feelings. There are more kangaroos than humans
in Australia.

5 Cats 6 Koalas
Cats use their whiskers as feelers to Koalas are even more lazy than cats.
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determine if a space is too small to

squeeze through.
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