DEVELOPMENT

(ECONOMICS)
CLASS X

NVS HYDERABAD REGION

Prepared by
Manjunath B.H.
P.G.T. Geography
JNV Alamatti, Vijayapura Dist.
What is Development?

Development is a comprehensive term which include increase in real per capita

income, improvement in living standard of people, reduction in poverty, illiteracy,
crime rate, etc.

Features:
(a) Different persons have different developmental goals.
(b) Income is a major component of development.
Students Lets work on this
Different People Different Goals

A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and that he also
shares in the household work. Her brother may not like this.

Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this
may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced –
such as tribal. They might resent this and may prefer small check dams or
tanks to irrigate their land.

So, two things are quite clear:

i.different persons can have different developmental goals and
ii.what may be development for one may not be development for the other. It
may even be destructive for the other.
LET’S WORK THESE OUT

1. Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of

the following explanations is more important and why?
(a) Because people are different.
(b) Because life situations of persons are different.
2. Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer.
(a) People have different developmental goals.
(b) People have conflicting developmental goals.
3. Give some examples where factors other than income are important
aspects of our lives.
INCOME AND OTHER GOALS:
Besides seeking more income, one way or the other, people also seek
things like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others. They
dislike or hate discrimination. All these are important goals.

Money, or material things that one can buy with income, is one factor on
which our life depends.

But the quality of our life also depends on non-material things like equal
treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others, safe and clean
environment, etc.
HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATES?
For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.

Now, what is the income of a country or National Income?

The income of the country is the income of all the residents of the country. This gives
us the total income of the country also called as National Income

Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an
average person is likely to earn.
Hence, we compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by
its total population. The average income is also called per capita income.
In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank,
the criterion used in classifying countries is based on per capita
income
RICH COUNTRIES
Countries with per capita income of US$
12,056 per annum and above in 2017, are
called rich countries

MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES

India comes in the category of low middle
income countries because its per capita income
in 2017 was just US$ 1820 per annum

LOW INCOME COUNTRIES

Those countries with per capita income of US$
955 or less are called low-income countries.
 Average Income
While ‘averages’ are useful for comparison, they also hide disparities !

Based on data given in Table 1.2 below, calculate the average income for both
the countries.

Even though both the countries have identical average income, country A is preferred because it has more
equitable distribution. In this country people are neither very rich nor extremely poor. On the other hand most
citizens in country B are poor and one person is extremely rich. Hence, while average income is useful for
comparison it does not tell us how this income is distributed among people.
INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA
PUBLIC FACILITIES

Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well. So,
income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens
are able to use

For example, normally, your money cannot buy you a pollution-free environment
or ensure that you get unadulterated medicines

Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases,

Many people believe that the government should open schools and provide other
facilities so that all children have a chance to study

Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because it has adequate provision of basic
health and educational facilities.
Similarly, in some states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) functions well.
Health and nutritional status of people of such states is certainly likely to be
better.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT

Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the
people, their health status and per capita income. It would be interesting to look
at certain relevant data regarding India and its neighbours from Human Development Report 2019.
 One way to find out if we are properly nourished is to calculate what nutrition
scientists call Body Mass Index (BMI).
This is easy to calculate.
Depending on their height and weight, a
person can belong to one of the following
Metric Formula weight categories:

• underweight (BMI less than 18.5)

• normal weight (BMI between 18.5 &
24.9)
• overweight (BMI between 25.0 & 29.9)
• obese (BMI 30.0 and above)
For example:
A boy/girl of age 15 years measures
Weight – 52 kgs
Height – 150 cms (1.5 mtrs)
SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT

“We have not inherited the world from our forefathers — we have borrowed it from our
children.”
FOR EXAMPLE, CRUDE OIL THAT WE EXTRACT FROM THE EARTH IS A NON -
RENEWABLE RESOURCE. HOWEVER WE MAY FIND A SOURCE OF OIL THAT WE DID NOT
KNOW OF EARLIER. EXPLORATIONS ARE BEING UNDERTAKEN ALL THE TIME.
SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT
•If development continues at its present pace, there may be a time in future when we
may run out of resources and no further development would be possible.

The concept of sustainability of development comes in here.

Sustainability of development involves finding ways for continuous development
without the risk of running out of resources or causing irreparable damage to
environment.

Sustainability of development would involve:

•More efficient use of our existing resources
•Finding fresh reserves of resources
•And coming up with innovative ideas and technology to use new resources in place of
conventional ones.
Thank You