UNIT1 Introduction

MICROPROCESSOR
 A silicon chip that contains a CPU.
In the world of personal computers,
 the terms microprocessor and CPU are used
interchangeably.
• integrated circuit that consists of a CPU (for
executing the instructions
• performing the arithmetic and logical
operations) and
• some other small circuits including memory
interfaces, input/output interfaces, and some
other support functions.
Contin
• designed to work with external memory and
I/O devices.
• It can access the memory and I/O devices
through a set of dedicated lines called the
address bus and data bus.
• The address bus carries the address of the
memory or I/O device the microprocessor
wants to access, and
• the data bus carries the actual data.
Contin
have a wide range of applications which
includes
• Personal Computers
• Servers
• Mobile Devices, etc.
are used in applications that require high
processing power, complex calculations, and
multitasking capabilities
Contin
What is Microcontroller?
• is defined as a digital Integrated circuit that
has its own microprocessor, memory, and I/O
devices
• also contains various support circuits such as
Timers, A/D Converters, serial Input-Output,
and other circuits.
Contin
• The main motive of the microcontrollers is
their usage in the embedded system.
• Embedded systems are electronic systems
that are dedicated to performing specific
functions.
• Examples of embedded systems include home
appliances, automotive systems, medical
devices, and industrial control systems.
.
Contin
• Microcontrollers are particularly suitable for
applications that require low power
consumption, real-time control, and compact
size
• Since all the essential components are
integrated into a single chip, microcontrollers
can reduce the cost and complexity of the
overall system
Contin
• Difference between Microprocessor and
Microcontroller
Contin
Contin
8085 Microprocessor
• The Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor
introduced by Intel in 1977
• It was binary compatible with the more-famous
Intel 8080
• but required less supporting hardware, thus
allowing simpler and less expensive
microcomputer systems to be built.
• The "5" in the model number came from the fact
that the 8085 requires only a +5-Volt (V) power
supply rather than the +5 V, −5 V and
• +12 V supplies the 8080 needed. The main
features of 8085 μP are:
 Contin
The main features of 8085 μP are:
 It is an 8-bit microprocessor.
 It is manufactured with N-MOS
technology.
 It has 16-bit address bus and hence can
address up to 216= 65536 bytes (64KB)
memory locations through A0–A15.
 The first 8 lines of address bus and 8 lines
of data bus are multiplexed AD0–AD7
 Data bus is a group of 8 lines D0–D7
Contin
• It supports external interrupt request.
• A 16-bit program counter (PC)
• A 16-bit stack pointer (SP)
• Six 8-bit general purpose register arranged in pairs: BC,
DE, HL.
• It requires a signal +5V power supply and operates at
3.2 MHZ single phase clock.
• It is enclosed with 40 pins DIP (Dual in line package).
 Basic Structure of Computer

• All types of computers follow a same basic

logical structure and perform the following
five basic operations for converting raw input
data into information useful to their users.
• :
 Contin….
• Following diagram shows the basic structure
of Computer
• Input Unit
• This unit contains devices with the help of
which we enter data into computer.
• This unit makes link between user and
computer.
• The input devices translate the information
into the form understandable by computer.
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
• is considered as the brain of the computer.
• performs all types of data processing
operations.
• It stores data, intermediate results and
instructions(program).
• It controls the operation of all parts of
computer.
itself has following three components
 ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
 Memory Unit
 Control Unit
 Output Unit

• consists of devices with the help of which we

get the information from computer.
• This unit is a link between computer and
users.
• Output devices translate the computer’s
output into the form understandable by users.
 8085 Architecture

• 8085 consists of various units as shown in Fig. 1

and each unit performs its own functions. The
various units of a microprocessor are listed below
• Accumulator
• Arithmetic and logic Unit
• General purpose register
• Program counter
• Stack pointer
• Temporary register
• Flags
• Instruction register and Decoder
contin
• Timing and Control unit
• Interrupt control
• Address buffer and Address-Data buffer
• Address bus and Data bus
• Accumulator
• is nothing but a register which can hold 8-bit data.
• aids in storing two quantities.
The data to be processed by arithmetic and
 logic unit is stored in accumulator.
 It also stores the result of the operation carried out
by the Arithmetic and Logic unit.
 The accumulator is also called an 8-bit register.
 The accumulator is connected to Internal Data bus
and ALU (arithmetic and logic unit). The accumulator
can be used to send or receive data from the Internal
Data bus.
 • Arithmetic and Logic Unit
There is always a need to perform arithmetic operations like +, -, *, /
and to perform logical operations like AND, OR, NOT etc.
So, there is a necessity for creating a separate unit which can
perform such types of operations.
These operations are performed by the Arithmetic and Logic Unit
(ALU).
ALU performs these operations on 8-bit data.
But these operations cannot be performed unless we have an input
(or) data on which the desired operation is to be performed.
So, from where do these inputs reach the ALU? For this purpose,
accumulator is used. ALU gets its Input from accumulator and
temporary register
The result is stored in accumulators.
General Purpose Registers
• 8085 consists of six special types of registers called
General Purpose Registers
• These general-purpose registers are used to hold
data like any other registers.
• The general-purpose registers in 8085 processors are
B, C, D, E, H and L. Each register can hold 8-bit data
• can also be used to work in pairs to hold 16-bit data
• They can work in pairs such as B-C, D-E and H-L to
store 16-bit data.
 • The Program counter is a special purpose register. H-L pair
works as a memory pointer
• A memory pointer holds the address of a particular memory
location.
• They can store 16-bit address as they work in pair
Program Counter and Stack Pointer
• The H-L pair works as a memory pointer
• Consider that an instruction is being executed by processor.
As soon as the ALU finished executing the instruction,
• the processor looks for the next instruction to be executed.
• So, there is a necessity for holding the address of the next
instruction to be executed in order to save time.
• This is taken care by the program counter.
• . A program counter stores the address of the next instruction to
be executed.
• In other words, the program counter keeps track of the memory
address of the instructions that are being executed by the
microprocessor and the memory address of the next instruction
that is going to be executed.
• Microprocessor increments the program whenever an instruction
is being executed, so that the program counter points to the
memory address of the next instruction that is going to be
executed.
• Program counter is a 16-bit register.
• Stack pointer is also a 16-bit register which is used as a memory
pointer.
• A stack is nothing but the portion of RAM (Random access
memory).
• So, does that mean the stack pointer points to portion of RAM?
• Yes. Stack pointer maintains the address of the last
byte that is entered into stack.
• Each time when the data is loaded into stack, Stack
pointer gets decremented.
• Conversely it is incremented when data is retrieved
from stack.
Temporary Register
 As the name suggests this register acts as a
temporary memory during the arithmetic and logical
operations.
 Unlike other registers, this temporary register can
only be accessed by the microprocessor and it is
completely inaccessible to programmers. Temporary
register is an 8-bit register.
Flags
• Flags are nothing but a group of individual Flip-
flops.
• The flags are mainly associated with arithmetic and
logic operations.
• The flags will show either a logical (0 or 1) (i.e.) a
set or reset depending on the data conditions in
accumulator or various other registers.
• A flag is actually a latch which can hold some bits
of information.
• It alerts the processor that some event has taken
place.
Intel processors have a set of 5 flags.
1. Carry flag
2. Parity flag
3. Auxiliary carry flag
4. Zero flag
5. Sign flag.
• Consider two binary numbers
For example
• 1100 0000
• 1000 0000
When we add the above two numbers, a carry is
generated in the most significant bit.
The number in the extreme right is least significant
bit,
while the number in extreme left is most significant
bit.
So, a ninth bit is generated due to the carry. So how
to accommodate 9th bit in an 8-bit register?
• For this purpose, the Carry flag is used.
• The carry flag is set whenever a carry is
generated and reset whenever there is no carry.
But there is an auxiliary carry flag?
• What is the difference between the carry flag
and auxiliary carry flag? Let’s discuss with an
example.
• Consider the two numbers given below
0000 1100
0000 1001
• When we add both the numbers a carry is
generated in the fourth bit from the least
significant bit.
• This sets the auxiliary carry flag. When there is
no carry, the auxiliary carry flag is reset.
• So, whenever there is a carry in the most
significant bit Carry flag is set.
• While an auxiliary carry flag is set only when a
carry is generated in bits other than the most
significant bit
• Parity checks whether it’s even or odd parity. This flag
returns a 0 if it is odd parity and returns a 1 if it is an even
parity.
• Sometimes they are also called as parity bit which is used
to check errors while data transmission is carried out.
• Zero flag shows whether the output of the operation is 0 or
not.
• If the value of Zero flag is 0 then the result of operation is
not zero.
• If it is zero the flag returns value 1.
• Sign flag shows whether the output of operation has
positive sign or negative sign.
• A value 0 is returned for positive sign and 1 is returned for
negative sign.
Instruction Register and Decoder
• Instruction register is 8-bit register just like every
other register of microprocessor.
• Consider an instruction. The instruction may be
anything like adding two data's, moving a data,
copying a data etc.
• When such an instruction is fetched from memory, it
is directed to Instruction register.
• So, the instruction registers are specifically to store
the instructions that are fetched from memory.
• There is an Instruction decoder which decodes the
information present in the Instruction register for
further processing
Timing and Control Unit
 Timing and control unit is a very important
unit as it synchronizes the registers and flow of
data through various registers and other units.
 This unit consists of an oscillator and controller
sequencer which sends control signals needed
for internal and external control of data and
other units.
 The oscillator generates two-phase clock
signals which aids in synchronizing all the
registers of 8085 microprocessor.
 Continu…
• Signals that are associated with Timing and control unit
are:
Control Signals: RD’, WR’, ALE
ALE is used for provide control signal to synchronize the
components of microprocessor and timing for instruction to
perform the operation.
RD (Active low) and WR (Active low) are used to indicate
whether the operation is reading the data from memory or
writing the data into memory respectively .
DMA Signals: HOLD, HLDA, READY
 HOLD: Indicates that another master is requesting the
use of the address and data buses. The CPU, upon
receiving the hold request, will relinquish the use of the
bus as soon as the completion of the current bus transfer.
Internal processing can continue. The processor can
regain the bus only after the HOLD is removed. When
the HOLD is acknowledged, the Address, Data RD, WR
and IO/M’ lines are tri-stated.
 HLDA: Hold Acknowledge: Indicates that the CPU has
received the HOLD request and that it will relinquish the
bus in the next clock cycle HLDA goes low after the
Hold request is removed. The CPU takes the bus one
half-clock cycle after HLDA goes low.
• READY: This signal synchronizes the fast CPU
and the slow memory, peripherals. If READY is
high during a read or write cycle, it indicates
that the memory or peripheral is ready to
send or receive data. If READY is low, the CPU
will wait an integral number of clock cycle for
READY to go high before completing the read
or write cycle. READY must conform to
specified setup and hold times.
Reset Signals: Reset in, Reset Out
RESET IN: A low on this pin;
 Sets the program counter to zero (0000H)
 Resets the interrupt enables and HLDA flip-flops.
 Tri-states the data bus, address bus and control bus.
 Affects the content of processors internal registers
randomly. On Reset, The Program counter sets to
0000h which causes the 8085 to execute; the first
instruction from address 0000H.
 RESET OUT: This active high signal indicates that the
processor; is being reset. This signal is synchronized to
the processor clock and it can be used to reset other
devices connected in the system.
Interrupt control
 As the name suggests this control interrupts a process.
 Consider that a microprocessor is executing the main
program. Now whenever the interrupt signal is enabled
or requested the microprocessor shifts the control from
main program to process the incoming request and after
the completion of request, the control goes back to the
main program.
 For example, an Input/output device may send an
interrupt signal to notify that the data is ready for input.
 The microprocessor temporarily stops the execution of
main program and transfers control to I/O device.
• After collecting the input data, the control is
transferred back to main program.
Interrupt signals present in 8085 are:
 INTR
 RST 7.5
 RST 6.5
 RST 5.5
TRAPINTR is maskable 8080A compatible
interrupt. When the interrupt occurs the
processor fetches from the bus one
instruction.
• usually one of these instructions: One of the 8 RST
instructions (RST0 - RST7).
• The processor saves current program counter into
stack and branches to memory location N * 8
(where N is a 3 - bit number from 0 to 7 supplied
with the RST instruction) CALL instruction (3-byte
instruction).
• The processor calls the subroutine, address of
which is specified in the second and third bytes of
the instruction.
• RST5.5 is a maskable interrupt. When this interrupt
is received the processor saves the contents of the
PC register into stack and branches to 2CH
(hexadecimal) address.
 RST6.5 is a maskable interrupt. When this interrupt is
received the processor saves the contents of the PC register
into stack and branches to 34H (hexadecimal) address.
 RST7.5 is a maskable interrupt. When this interrupt is
received the processor saves the contents of the PC register
into stack and branches to 3CH (hexadecimal) address.
 TRAP is a non-maskable interrupt. When this interrupt is
received the processor saves the contents of the PC register
into stack and branches to 24H (hexadecimal) address.
 All maskable interrupts can be enabled or disabled using
EI and DI instructions. RST5.5, RST6.5 and RST7.5
interrupts can be enabled or disabled individually using
SIM instruction
Serial Input/output control
The input and output of serial data can be
carried out using 2 instructions in 8085.
 SID-Serial Input Data
 SOD-Serial Output Data Two more instructions
are used to perform serial-parallel conversion
needed for serial I/O devices.
 SIM
 RIM
Address buffer and Address-Data buffer
 The contents of the stack pointer and program
counter are loaded into the address buffer and
address-data buffer.
 These buffers are then used to drive the external
address bus and address-data bus.
 As the memory and I/O chips are connected to
these buses, the CPU can exchange desired data
to the memory and I/O chips.
 The address-data buffer is not only connected to
the external data bus but also to the internal data
bus which consists of 8-bits.
 The address data buffer can both send and
Address bus and Data bus
 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor. So, the data bus present in
the microprocessor is also 8-bits wide.
 So, 8-bits of data can be transmitted from or to the
microprocessor.
 But 8085 processor requires 16-bit address bus as the
memory addresses are 16-bit wide.
 The 8 most significant bits of the address are transmitted
with the help of address bus and the 8 least significant bits
are transmitted with the help of multiplexed address/data
bus.
 The eight bit data bus is multiplexed with the eight least
significant bits of address bus.
 The address/data bus is time multiplexed. This means for few
microseconds, the 8 least significant bits of address are
generated, while for next few seconds the same pin
generates the data.
• This is called Time multiplexing. But there are
situations where there is a need to transmit both
data and address simultaneously
• For this purpose, a signal called ALE (address
latch enables) is used.
ALE signal holds the obtained address in its latch
for a long time until the data is obtained and so
when the microprocessor sends the data next
time the address is also available at the output
latch.
• This technique is called Address/Data
demultiplexing.