Object Oriented

Programming
with C++

Reema Thareja

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 Chapter Three
Decision Control and
Looping Statements

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 DECISION CONTROL STATEMENTS
• Decision control statements are used to alter the flow of a sequence of instructions.
• These statements help to jump from one part of the program to another depending on
whether a particular condition is satisfied or not.
• These decision control statements include:
» If statement
» If else statement
» If else if statement
» Switch statement

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 IF STATEMENT
• If statement is the simplest form of decision control statements that is
frequently used in decision making. The general form of a simple if
statement is shown in the figure.
• First the test expression is evaluated. If the test expression is true, the
statement of if block (statement 1 to n) are executed otherwise these
statements will be skipped and the execution will jump to statement x.

SYNTAX OF IF STATEMENT
FALSE
if (test expression)
Test
{ Expression
statement 1;
..............
statement n; TRUE
}
Statement Block 1
statement x;

Statement x

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 IF ELSE STATEMENT
• In the if-else construct, first the test expression is evaluated. If the expression is true,
statement block 1 is executed and statement block 2 is skipped. Otherwise, if the expression
is false, statement block 2 is executed and statement block 1 is ignored. In any case after the
statement block 1 or 2 gets executed the control will pass to statement x. Therefore, statement
x is executed in every case.
FALSE
SYNTAX OF IF STATEMENT
Test Expression
if (test expression)
{ TRUE
statement_block 1;
}
else Statement Block 1 Statement Block 2
{
statement_block 2;
}
statement x;

Statement x

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PROGRAMS TO DEMONSTRATE THE USE OF IF AND
IF-ELSE STATEMENTS

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 IF ELSE IF STATEMENT
• C language supports if else if statements to test additional conditions apart from the initial
test expression. The if-else-if construct works in the same way as a normal if statement.
SYNTAX OF IF-ELSE STATEMENT

TRUE FALSE
if ( test expression 1)
{
statement block 1; Test Expression
1
}
else if ( test expression 2)
{ FALSE
statement block 2; Statement Block 1
Test
} Expression 2
........................... TRUE
else if (test expression N)
{ Statement Block 2 Statement Block X
statement block N;
}
else
{ Statement Y
Statement Block X;
}
Statement Y;

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 SWITCH CASE
• A switch case statement is a multi-way decision statement. Switch statements are used:
When there is only one variable to evaluate in the expression
When many conditions are being tested for
• Switch case statement advantages include:
Easy to debug, read, understand and maintain
Execute faster than its equivalent if-else construct
switch(grade)
{
case 'A':
cout<<"\n Excellent”;
break;
case 'B':
cout<<"\n Good“;
break;
case 'C':
cout<<"\n Fair”;
break;
default:
cout<<"\n Invalid Grade”;
break;
}

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 ITERATIVE STATEMENTS
• Iterative statements are used to repeat the execution of a list of statements, depending on the
value of an integer expression. In this section, we will discuss all these statements.
While loop
Do-while loop
For loop

WHILE LOOP
• The while loop is used to repeat one or more statements while a particular condition is true.
• In the while loop, the condition is tested before any of the statements in the statement block is
executed.
• If the condition is true, only then the statements will be executed otherwise the control will
jump to the immediate statement outside the while loop block.
• We must constantly update the condition of the while loop. Statement x

while (condition)
{ Update the condition
expression
statement_block; TRUE Condition
}
statement x; Statement Block FALSE

Statement y

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 DO WHILE LOOP
• The do-while loop is similar to the while loop. The only difference is that in a do-while loop, the test
condition is tested at the end of the loop.
• The body of the loop gets executed at least one time (even if the condition is false).
• The do while loop continues to execute whilst a condition is true. There is no choice whether to execute
the loop or not. Hence, entry in the loop is automatic there is only a choice to continue it further or not.
• The major disadvantage of using a do while loop is that it always executes at least once, so even if the
user enters some invalid data, the loop will execute.
• Do-while loops are widely used to print a list of options for a menu driven program.

Statement x

Statement x;
do Statement Block
{
statement_block;
} while (condition); Update the condition expression
statement y;
TRUE

Condition

FALSE

Statement y

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Program to demonstrate the use of while loop and do while loop
 FOR LOOP
• For loop is used to repeat a task until a particular condition is true.
• The syntax of a for loop

for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement/update)

{
statement block;
}
Statement Y;

• When a for loop is used, the loop variable is initialized only once.
• With every iteration of the loop, the value of the loop variable is updated and the condition is
checked. If the condition is true, the statement block of the loop is executed else, the
statements comprising the statement block of the for loop are skipped and the control jumps
to the immediate statement following the for loop body.
• Updating the loop variable may include incrementing the loop variable, decrementing the
loop variable or setting it to some other value like, i +=2, where i is the loop variable.

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PROGRAM FOR FOR-LOOP

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BREAK STATEMENT
• The break statement is used to terminate the execution of the nearest enclosing loop in which it appears.
• When compiler encounters a break statement, the control passes to the statement that follows the loop in which the
break statement appears. Its syntax is quite simple, just type keyword break followed with a semi-colon.
break;
• In switch statement if the break statement is missing then every case from the matched case label to the end of the
switch, including the default, is executed.

CONTINUE STATEMENT
• The continue statement can only appear in the body of a loop.
• When the compiler encounters a continue statement then the rest of the statements in the loop are skipped and the
control is unconditionally transferred to the loop-continuation portion of the nearest enclosing loop. Its syntax is quite
simple, just type keyword continue followed with a semi-colon.
continue;
• If placed within a for loop, the continue statement causes a branch to the code that updates the loop variable. For
example,
int i;
for(i=0; i<= 10; i++)
{ if (i==5)
continue;
cout<<i;
}

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 GOTO STATEMENT
• The goto statement is used to transfer control to a specified label.
• Here label is an identifier that specifies the place where the branch is to be made. Label can be any valid
variable name that is followed by a colon (:).
• Note that label can be placed anywhere in the program either before or after the goto statement.
Whenever the goto statement is encountered the control is immediately transferred to the statements
following the label.
• Goto statement breaks the normal sequential execution of the program.
• If the label is placed after the goto statement then it is called a forward jump and in case it is located
before the goto statement, it is said to be a backward jump.
int num, sum=0;
read: // label for go to statement
cout<<"\n Enter the number. Enter 999 to end : “;
cin>>num;
if (num != 999)
{
if(num < 0)
goto read; // jump to label- read
sum += num;
goto read; // jump to label- read
}
cout<<"\n Sum of the numbers entered by the user is = “<<sum;

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