NETWORK MODELS – OSI & TCP/IP MODEL

Protocol
• Set of rules or standards
• Enables computers to connect with one
another
• Enables exchange of information without
error.
• Example : protocol can define the way in
which two programs transfer a file across the
internet.
• Protocol generally accepted for standardizing
communication is seven layer OSI model
 History : OSI Model

• In 1977, the International Organization for

Standardization (ISO) set forth OSI(Open Systems
Interconnection) model.
• Set of protocols to standardize the communication
process between computers regardless of their
underlying architecture.
• Divides the communication process into seven
separate but interconnected layers.
• Sets the standards for the industry to design their
hardware as per laid down parameters.
ISO is the organization . OSI is the model
 THE OSI MODEL

HOST A HOST B
7 Application Application

6 Presentation Presentation

5 Session Session

4 Transport segments Transport

3 Network packets Network

2 Data Link frames Data Link

1 Physical bits Physical

Headers attached as data passes
through layers
Protocols at various layers
TCP/IP REFERENCE MODEL
 TCP/IP or Internet Model

 Research n/w sponsored by dod (US dept of

defence) is industry standard protocol for WAN.
 Ability to connect multiple heterogeneous N/Ws
in a seamless way and it is the protocol of the
internet.
 Connections remain intact as long as source and
destination machines are intact.
 Flexible architecture to cater for applications
with divergent requirements
MAPPING TCP/IP VS OSI MODEL
 DIFF BW TCP/IP AND OSI MODEL

TCP/IP OSI
Implementation of OSI model Reference model
Model around which Internet is
This is a theoretical model
developed
Has only 4 layers Has 7 layers
Considered more reliable Considered a reference tool
Protocols are not strictly defined Stricter boundaries for the protocols
Combines the session and
Has separate session and
presentation layer in the
presentation layer
application layer

Protocols were developed first and Model was developed before the
then the model was developed development of protocols

Supports connectionless and connection-

Supports only connectionless
oriented communication in the network
communication in the network layer
layer
Protocol dependent standard Protocol independent standard
 DLL layer

• The unit of communication is a packet called a

frame.
• A frame is a packet that encapsulates the data
received from the network layer with an added
header and sometimes a trailer.
• The head, among other communication information,
includes the source and destination of frame.
• The destination address is needed to define the right
recipient of the frame because many nodes may
have been connected to the link.
 Network Layer
• At the network layer (or more accurately, the
internetwork layer), TCP/IP supports the Internet
Protocol (IP).
• The Internet Protocol (IP) is the transmission
mechanism used by the TCP/IP protocols.
• IP transports data in packets called datagrams,
each of which is transported separately.
• Datagrams can travel along different routes and
can arrive out of sequence or be duplicated.
 Network Layer : Functions

• Responsible for source to destination delivery of

a packet across multiple networks.
• Logical addressing.
• If packet has to pass network boundary then
NW layer uses logical/IP addresses.
• Routing
• Routing the packet to its final destination.
 Data Link Layer

 Framing
 Dividing the stream of bits received from the
network layer into manageable data units called
frames
 Physical addressing
 Adds headers to the frame to define the sender &
receiver address in terms of physical address ie MAC
address.
 Data Link Layer

 Flow Control
 Imposes flow control mechanism to avoid
overwhelming the receiver.
 Error Control
 Adds mechanisms to recognize duplicate frames , to
detect & retransmit damaged or lost frames
 Access Control
 Adds protocols to determine which device has control
over the link at any given time
 Transport Layer

 Responsible for process to process delivery.

(Port addressing)
 Segmentation & Reassembly.
 Connection Control.
 Connectionless
 Connection Oriented
 Session Layer

• The session layer provides the mechanism for

opening, closing and managing a session between
end-user application processes

Presentation Layer
 Encryption
 Compression
 Application Layer

 Mail services
 File transfer and access
 Remote log in
 Access the world wide web
Addresses in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite
 Logical addresses
• Logical addresses are necessary for universal
communications that are independent of underlying
physical networks.
• Physical addresses are not adequate in an
internetwork environment where different networks
can have different address formats.
• A universal addressing system is needed in which
each host can be identified uniquely, regardless of
the underlying physical network.
• The logical addresses are designed for this
purpose.
• A logical address in the Internet is currently a 32-bit
address that can uniquely define a host connected
to the Internet.
 PORT ADDRESSES

• The IP address and the physical address are necessary

for a quantity of data to travel from a source to the
destination host.
• Computers are devices that can run multiple processes at
the same time.
• The end objective of communication is a process
communicating with another process.
• For example, computer A can communicate with computer
C by using TELNET.
• At the same time, computer A communicates with
computer B by using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). For
these processes to receive data simultaneously, we need
a method to label the different processes.
• In the TCP/IP architecture, the label
assigned to a process is called a port
address.
• A port address in TCP/IP is 16 bits in
length.
Summary of Layers
 OTW
• Compare the various topologies
• List out the various protocols used at various
layers?