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Present 31/8/23 4th

10,54,18060,1124,19041;elc48,7,38
•The most important function of automatic
voltage regulators (AVRs) is to automatically
control generator voltage and keep the
output constant at the appropriate voltage
level range for your generator regardless of
the current being drawn by the load.

•AVRs not only help adjust voltages to safe


levels, but can also provide surge protection
against electrical surges, spikes, and
generator overload. As mentioned,
automated voltage regulators (AVRs) also
help the generator respond to and handle
overloads to prevent shorting, and can also
divide the reactive load between generators
that are running in parallel.
The output voltage is converted usually through a transformer or resistor network to a
low voltage dc signal and this feedback signal is subtracted from a fixed reference
voltage to produce an error signal. Now the error signal uses to process by a
compensator before being amplified to drive the rotor excitation current.

This change in rotor excitation current produces a variation in output voltage, closing
the control loop
If the gain of the control loop system is large enough then only a small error signal is
required to produce the necessary change in excitation current but a high amount of gain
can lead to instability in the circuit system with oscillations in the output voltage.
The main purpose of the compensating circuit is to enable small errors signal to be
handled in a stable way.

Now the most common form of the compensator is a PID circuit system in which the
error is amplified Proportionately (P), Integrated (I) and Differentiated (D) in three
parallel circuits systems before being added together.

Many AVRs have their own adjustment Potentiometers which allow the gains of each
channel to be varied in order to achieve the best performance level.
• Now a day’s many AVRs are offered with digital circuitry. But the
principle of the feedback loop remains the same and the feedback
signal is converted to digital signal from analog by using an analog to
digital converter. All calculations are performed digitally in a
microprocessor and the output is on or off.

• Using pulse-width modulation (PWM) to vary the average level of dc


supplied to the rotor excitation winding. Alternatively, the phase
angle of a thyristor bridge can be used to vary the output level. This
type of control system is known as phase-angle control.
videos
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLSl9ZGIl0A
• Servo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ditS0a28Sko

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