Lecture 1 Introduction To Microprocessors

Introduction to Microprocessors
Md. Azmain Yakin Srizon

Lecturer
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Rajshahi-6204
Lesson Outline
 1.1 Explanation of Terms
 1.2 Evolution of the Microprocessor
Introduction
 The basic blocks of a computer are the central processing unit (CPU),
the memory, and the input/output (I/O).
 Computer hardware includes such components as memory, CPU,
transistors
 Computer software consists of a collection of programs that contain
instructions and data for performing a specific task.
 A translator is necessary to convert such a program into binary and
this is achieved using a translator program called a compiler.
Introduction
 Microprocessor is fabricated CPU on a single chip
 Both metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) and bipolar technologies are
used in the fabrication process.
 Along with the microprocessor chip, appropriate memory and I/O
chips can be used to design a microcomputer.
 Microcontrollers include a microcomputer, timers, and A/D (analog-
to- digital) and D/A (digital to analog) converters, all on a single chip.
1.1 Explanation of Terms
 An Address is a pattern of 0’s and 1’s that represents a specific
location in memory or a particular I/O device. Typical 8-bit
microprocessors have 16 address lines, and,
 these 16 lines can produce unique 16-bit patterns from to representing
65,536 different address combinations.
 Addressing mode is the manner in which the microprocessor
determines the operand (data) and destination addresses during
execution of an instruction.
 An Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs
arithmetic and logic operations on two n-bit digital words.
 Bit is an abbreviation for the term binary digit. A binary digit can
have only two values, which are represented by the symbols 0 and 1,
 Bit size refers to the number of bits that can be processed
simultaneously by the basic arithmetic circuits of a microprocessor. A
number of bits taken as a group in this manner is called a word.
 For example, a 32- bit microprocessor can process a 32-bit word.
 An 8-bit word is referred to as a byte , and a 4-bit word is known as a
nibble.
 A bus consists of a number of conductors (wires) organized to
provide a means of communication among different elements in a
microprocessor system.
 Cache Memory is a high-speed, directly accessible, relatively small,
semiconductor read/write memory block used to store data/instructions
that the microprocessor may need in the immediate future.
 The instruction set of a microprocessor is a list of commands that the
microprocessor is designed to execute.
 Pipelining is a technique that overlaps instruction fetch (instruction
read) with execution.
1.2 Evolution of the Microprocessor
 The Intel Corporation is generally acknowledged as the company that
introduced the first microprocessor successfully into the marketplace.
 The 4004 is the first processor, was introduced in and evolved from a
development effort while making a calculator chip set
 In 1973, second-generation microprocessors (8-bit microprocessors)
such as the Motorola 6800 and the Intel 8080
 A third generation microprocessor (16-bit microprocessors)
introduced in 1978 is typically represented by the Intel 8086 and the
Motorola, which are 16-bit microprocessors.
 During the 1980’s, fourth-generation (32-bit microprocessor)
 Since 1985, more 32-bit microprocessors have been introduced.
 These include Motorola’s 68020, 68030, 68040, 68060, PowerPC,
Intel’s , 80486, the Intel Pentium family, Core Duo, and Core2 Duo
microprocessors.
 The original Pentium processor was introduced by Intel in 1993.
 latest speed of 233 MHz.
 Pentium II It basically takes attributes of the Pentium Pro processor
plus the capabilities of MMX technology to yield processor speeds of
333, 300, 266, and 233 MHz.
 MMX (matrix math extensions) is intended for efficient multimedia
and communications operations.
 The Intel Celeron processor speed up to 333 MHz
 The Pentium III operates at 450 MHz and 500 MHz.
 The Pentium 4 currently available at 1.30, 1.40, 1.50, and 1.70 GHz.
 Intel introduced the 32-bit Pentium M microprocessor.
 It was designed specifically for the mobile computing market.
In 2006, Intel introduced the 64-bit Core Duo microprocessor that ran
at a speed of 1.66 to GHz.
 The original Core 2 Duo ran at a speed of to 2.93 GHz.
Then What?
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Introduction to Microprocessors

Md. Azmain Yakin Srizon

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