Arrays

CSE 2215 - Lecture 3 - Fall 2023

Instructor : Fahmid Al Rifat, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE , UIU

[email protected] 1
Data Structure

● Data is a collection of facts, such as values, numbers, words,

measurements, or observations.
● Structure means a set of rules that holds the data together.

● A data structure is a particular way of storing and organizing data in a

computer so that it can be used efficiently.
■ Different kinds of data structures are suited to different kinds of
applications, and some are highly specialized to specific tasks.
■ Data structures provide a means to manage huge amount of data
efficiently.
■ Usually, efficient data structures are a key to designing efficient
algorithms.
■ Data structures can be nested. 2
Types of Data Structure

● Data structures are classified as either

■ Linear (e.g, arrays, linked lists), or
■ Nonlinear (e.g, trees, graphs, etc.)
● A data structure is said to be linear if it satisfies the following four
conditions
■ There is a unique element called the first
■ There is a unique element called the last
■ Every element, except the last, has a unique successor
■ Every element, except the first, has a unique predecessor

● There are two ways of representing a linear data structure in memory

■ By means of sequential memory locations (arrays)
■ By means of pointers or links (linked lists)

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Arrays

●An array is an indexed sequence of components

■The components of an array are all of the same type
●Typically, the array occupies sequential storage locations
●Array is a static data structure, that is, the length of the array is determined
when the array is created, and cannot be changed
●Each component of the array has a fixed, unique index
■Indices range from a lower bound to an upper bound
●Any component of the array can be inspected or updated by using its
index
■This is an efficient operation: O(1) = constant time

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Representation of Array in Memory

● Linear (1 D) Arrays:
A 1-dimensional array a is declared as:
int a[8];

The elements of the array a may be shown as

a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4] a[5] a[6] a[7]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4] a[5] a[6] a[7]

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Representation of Array in Memory

● 2 D Arrays:
A 2-dimensional array a is declared as:
int a[3][4];
The elements of the array a may be shown as a table
a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3]

a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3]

a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3]

In which order are the elements stored?

■Row major order (C, C++, Java support it)
■Column major order (Fortran supports it)

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Representation of Array in Memory

Row Major Order: the array is stored as a sequence of 1-D arrays

consisting of rows

a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3] row 0

a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3] row 1
a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3] row 2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3] a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3] a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3]

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Representation of Array in Memory

Column Major Order: The array is stored as a sequence of arrays consisting of

columns instead of rows

a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3]

a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3]
a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3]
col 0 col 1 col 2 col 3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11
a[0][0] a[1][0] a[2][0] a[0][1] a[1][1] a[2][1] a[0][2] a[1][2] a[2][2] a[0][3] a[1][3] a[2]
[3]

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Representation of Array in Memory

● Base Address (b): The memory address of the first byte of the first array
component.

● Component Length (L): The memory required to store one component

of an array.

●Upper and Lower Bounds (li, ui): Each index type has a smallest
value and a largest value.

● Dimension

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Representation of Array in Memory

● Array Mapping Function (AMF)

■AMF converts index value to component address

● Linear (1D) Arrays:

a : array [l1 .. u1] of element_type
Then addr(a[i]) = b + (i  l1)  L
= c0 + c1  i
Therefore, the time for calculating the address of an element is same for
any value of i.

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Representation of Array in Memory

● Array Mapping Function (AMF): 2D Arrays

Row Major Order:

a : array [l1 .. u1, l2 .. u2] of element_type

Then addr(a[i, j]) = b + (i  l1)(u2  l2 + 1)L + (j  l2)L
= c0 + c1i + c2j

Therefore, the time for calculating the address of an element is same for
any value of (i, j).

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Representation of Array in Memory

● Array Mapping Function (AMF): 2D Arrays

Column Major Order:

a : array [l1 .. u1, l2 .. u2] of element_type

Then addr(a[i, j]) = b + (j  l2)(u1  l1 + 1)L + (i  l1)L
= c0 + c1i + c2j

Therefore, the time for calculating the address of an element is same for
any value of (i, j).

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Representation of Array in Memory

● Array Mapping Function (AMF): 3D Arrays :

a : array [l1 .. u1, l2 .. u2 , l3 .. u3] of element_type

Then addr(a[i, j, k]) = b + (i  l1)(u2  l2 + 1)(u3  l3 + 1)L +
(j  l2)(u3  l3 + 1)L + (k  l3)L
= c0 + c1i + c2j + c3k

Therefore, the time for calculating the address of an element is same for
any value of (i, j , k).

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Summary on Array

● Advantages:
■Array is a random access data structure.
■Accessing an element by its index is very fast (constant time)

● Disadvantages:
■Array is a static data structure, that is, the array size is fixed and can
never be changed.
■Insertion into arrays and deletion from arrays are very slow.

● An array is a suitable structure when

■a lot of searching and retrieval are required.
■a small number of insertions and deletions are required.

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Linear Search

●Each member of the array is visited until the search key is found.

● Example:
Write a program to search for the search key entered by the user in
the following array:
(9, 4, 5, 1, 7, 78, 22, 15, 96, 45)
You can use the linear search in this example.

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Linear Search

/* This program is an example of the Linear Search*/

#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 10
int LinearSearch(int [], int); int main() {
int a[SIZE]= {9, 4, 5, 1, 7, 78, 22,
15, 96, 45};
int key, pos;
printf(“Enter the Search Key\n”);
scanf(“%d”, &key);
pos = LinearSearch(a, key);
if(pos == -1)
printf(“The search key is not in the
array\n”);
else
printf(“The search key %d is at location %d\n”,
key, pos);
return 0; 16
}
Linear Search

int LinearSearch (int b[ ], int skey) {

int i;
for (i=0; i < SIZE; i++)
if(b[i] == skey)
return i;
return -1;
}

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Binary Search

●Given a sorted array, Binary Search algorithm can be used to perform

fast searching of a search key on the sorted array.

● The following program implements the binary search algorithm for the
search key entered by the user in the following array:
(3, 5, 9, 11, 15, 17, 22, 25, 37, 68, 72)

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Binary Search

#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 10
int BinarySearch(int [ ], int);
int main(){
int a[SIZE]= {3, 5, 9, 11, 15, 17, 22,
25, 37, 68};
int key, pos;
printf(“Enter the Search Key\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&key);
pos = BinarySearch(a, key);
if(pos == -1)
printf(“The search key is not in the array\n”);

else
printf(“The search key %d is at location %d\n”, key,
pos);
return 0;
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}
Binary Search

int BinarySearch (int A[], int skey){

int low=0, high=SIZE-1, middle;
while(low <= high){
middle = (low+high)/2;
if (skey == A[middle])
return middle;
else if(skey <A[middle])
high = middle - 1;
else
low = middle + 1;
}
return -1;
}

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Thank You

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