ICT

(Information Communication technology)

By : Sankalp Singh
Section : M12
Roll no : 40
 What is ICT?

 Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is the use of computing and

telecommunication technologies, systems and tools to facilitate the way information is
created, collected, processed, transmitted and stored. It includes computing technologies
like servers, laptop computers and software applications, as well as the wired and
wireless communication technologies that support telephones, the Internet, the Internet
of Things (IoT) and the metaverse.
 Classification of ICT
 ICT is an umbrella term that covers all the devices and equipment that helps to connect and to store data.
ICT is mainly classified into four main categories which include:

o Computing and Information Technology

o Broadcasting
o Telecommunication
o Internet
 Computing and Information Technology

 Computing and information technology mainly refers to designing and building

computers. It also refers to maintaining and troubleshooting the computer system. It also
ensures that the computer runs smoothly

Broadcasting
 Broadcasting is the transfer of audio and video visuals through any electronic mass
communication to various audiences all over the world. It mainly uses the electromagnetic
spectrum to transfer the data.
 Telecommunications
 Telecommunications are the transfer of electronic information over several distances. This
information may be in the form of voice, data, text, images or any video.

Internet
 The Internet is a global system that provides a variety of information and other
communicational services by the use of interconnected networks. It uses the Internet
Protocol (IP) to communicate with others
 Benefits of ICT
ICT has a wide range of applications in different fields. The benefits of ICT in different
fields are as follows:

 ICT in entertainment
Information and communication technologies (ICT) have a very influencing impact on entertainment and other leisure
activities in various ways in which you can spend your time effectively. ICT offers a wide variety of entertainment and
leisure activities that allow you for quick access to movies, cinemas or music which can be easily accessed and you can
watch your favorite movies and listen to music directly from the Internet.

 ICT in Medical Science

Medical devices and modern equipment have evolved by the use of information and communications technology. ICT
is involved in the use of the devices, resources and tools that are needed to improve health and biomedicine systems.
 ICT in business
The use of information and communications technology is very important for any kind of
business. It established a hassle-free and secure communication flow and meet daily operational
tasks.

 ICT in education
Information and communication technology also contribute greatly to the education system.
It improves the way by which educational institutes provide a better educational environment
with the use of tablets, computers, data displays, interactive electronic boards, and others in
the process of communicating information.
 Branches of ICT
 Artificial Intelligence (A.I)
 Cloud Computing
 Virtual reality(V.R)
 Internet Of Things(I.O.T)
 Robotics
 E-commerce
 E-Governance
 E-Medicine
 Mobile Computing
Artificial Intelligence(A.I)

Introduction
 AI (Artificial Intelligence) is a machine’s ability to perform cognitive functions as humans
do, such as perceiving, learning, reasoning, and solving problems. The benchmark for AI is
the human level concerning in teams of reasoning, speech, and vision.
 Sub Fields of A.I

 Machine Learning
 Deep Learning
 Natural Language Processing
 Expert Systems
 Fuzzy Logic
 Machine Learning

 Machine learning is the art of studying algorithms that learn from examples and
experiences. Machine learning is based on the idea that some patterns in the data were
identified and used for future predictions. The difference from hardcoding rules is that the
machine learns to find such rules.

Deep Learning
 Deep learning is a sub-field of machine learning. Deep learning does not mean the
machine learns more in-depth knowledge; it uses different layers to learn from the data.
The depth of the model is represented by the number of layers in the model. For instance,
the Google LeNet model for image recognition counts 22 layers.
 Natural Language Processing

 A neural network is a group of connected I/O units where each connection has a
weight associated with its computer programs. It helps you to build predictive
models from large databases. This model builds upon the human nervous system.
You can use this model to conduct image understanding, human learning,
computer speech, etc.

Expert systems
 An expert system is a computer program that is designed to solve complex
problems and to provide decision-making ability like a human expert. It performs
this by extracting knowledge from its knowledge base using the reasoning and
inference rules according to the user queries.
Fuzzy Logic

 Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning. The
approach of FL imitates the way of decision making in humans that involves all in
termediate possibilities between digital values YES and NO.

The conventional logic block that a computer can understand takes precise input
and produces a definite output as TRUE or FALSE, which is equivalent to human’
s YES or NO.
 Applications of AI

 Artificial Intelligence in E-Commerce

 AI in Education Purpose
 Artificial Intelligence in Robotics
 GPS and Navigations
 Healthcare
 Automobiles
 Agriculture
 Human Resource
 Gaming
 Social media
 Artificial Intelligence in E-Commerce
 AI is widely used in the field of Ecommerce as it helps the organization to establis
h a good engagement between the user and the company. Artificial Intelligence he
lps to make appropriate suggestions and recommendations as per the user search
history and view preferences. There are also AI chatbots that are used to provide
customer support instantly and help to reduce complaints and queries to a great e
xtent. Let’s take a closer look at AI applications in E-commerce.

AI in Education Purpose
 Educational sectors are totally organized and managed by
human involvement till some years back. But these days, the
educational sector is also coming under the influence of Artificial
Intelligence. It helps the faculty as well as the students by making course
recommendations, Analyzing some data and some decisions about
the student, etc.
 Artificial Intelligence in Robotics
 Artificial Intelligence is one of the major technologies that provide the
robotics field with a boost to increase their efficiency. AI provides robots to make decisions in real
time and increase productivity. For example, suppose there is a warehouse in which robots are us
ed to manage good packages. The robots are only designed to deliver the task but Artificial Intelli
gence makes them able to analyze the vacant space and make the best decision in real-time.

GPS and Navigations

 GPS technology uses Artificial Intelligence to make the best route and provide the best available route t
o the users for traveling. This is also suggested by research provided by the MIT Institute that AI is able
to provide accurate, timely, and real-
time information about any specific location. It helps the user to choose their type of lane and roads wh
ich increases the safety features of a user. GPS and navigation use the convolution and graph neural
network of Artificial Intelligence to provide these suggestions.
 Healthcare
 Artificial Intelligence is widely used in the field of healthcare and medicine. The various algorith
ms of Artificial Intelligence are used to build precise machines that are able to detect minor diseas
es inside the human body. Also, Artificial Intelligence uses the medical history and current situatio
n of a particular human being to predict future diseases. Artificial Intelligence is also used to find
the current vacant beds in the hospitals of a city that saves the time of patients who are in emerge
ncy conditions.

Automobiles
 Artificial Intelligence is bringing revolutionary changes in the field of automobiles. From speedometers to self
driving cars, Artificial Intelligence is really doing a significant difference in these sectors. AI is sued to detect th
e traffic on the street and provide the best route out o the present all routes to the driver. It uses sensors, GPS tec
hnology, and control signals to bring the vehicle the best path..
 Agriculture
 Artificial Intelligence is also becoming a part of agriculture and farmers’ life. It is used to dete
ct various parameters such as the amount of water and moisture, amount of deficient nutrients,
etc in the soil. There is also a machine that uses
AI to detect where the weeds are growing, where the soil is infertile, etc.

Human Resource
 As we know, much of the hiring processes are done online these days. The online selection proc
esses are done using the voice and camera permission of the candidate’s device. Here Artificial
Intelligence is sued to detect any kind of malpractice behavior and many other things. It is als
o used to detect any candidate’s personality in some cases. This reduces the effort of the hiring
team and also enhances the efficiency of the selection process.
 Gaming
 Artificial Intelligence is really dominating the field of the gaming industry. Artificial Intelligence
is used to make a human-
like simulation in gaming. This enhances the gaming experience. Apart from that, AI is also used
to design games, predict human behavior, to make the game more realistic. Various modern game
s use real-world simulation for gaming using AI.

Social Media
 There are various use of Artificial Intelligence in the field of social media. Some social media pla
tform such as Facebook, Instagram, etc uses Artificial Intelligence to show relevant content to th
e user. It uses the search history and view history of a user to show relevant content.
 Advantages of AI
 Reduction in Human Error
 Zero Risks
 24x7 Availability
 Digital Assistance
 Unbiased Decisions
 Reduction in Human Error

 One of the biggest benefits of Artificial Intelligence is that it can significantly reduce errors
and increase accuracy and precision. The decisions taken by AI in every step is decided by i
nformation previously gathered and a certain set of algorithms . When programmed
properly , these errors can be reduced to null.

Zero Risks
Another big benefit of AI is that humans can overcome many risks by letting ai
robots do them for us. Whether it be defusing a bomb, going to space, exploring the deepest parts of oce
ans, machines with metal bodies are resistant in nature and can survive unfriendly atmospheres. Moreo
ver, they can provide accurate work with greater responsibility and not wear out easily.
 24x7 Availability
 Therearemanystudies that show humans are productive only about 3 to 4 hours in a day. Humans
also need breaks and time offs to balance their work life and personal life. But AI can work endl
essly without breaks. They think much faster than humans and perform multiple tasks at a time wi
th accurate results. They can even handle tedious repetitive jobs easily with the help of AI algorit
hms.

Digital Assistance
 Some of the most technologically advanced companies engage with users using digital assistants,
which eliminates the need for human personnel. Many websites utilize digital assistants to
deliver user requested content. We can discuss our
searchwith them in conversation. Some chatbots are built in a way that makes it difficult to tell w
hether we are conversing with a human or a chatbot.
 Unbiased Decisions

 Human beings are driven by emotions, whether we like it or not. AI on the other h
and, is devoid of emotions and highly practical and rational in its approach. A hu
ge advantage of Artificial Intelligence is that it doesn't have any biased views, whi
ch ensures more accurate decision-making.
Disadvantage of AI
 High cost

The ability to create a machine that can simulate human intelligence is no small feat. It requires ple
nty of time and resources and can cost a huge deal of money. AI also needs to operate on the latest
hardware and software to stay updated and
meet the latest requirements, thus making it quite costly.
 Unemployment

One application of artificial intelligence is a robot, which is displacing occupations and increasing
unemployment (in a few cases). Therefore, some claim that there is always a chance of unemployme
nt as a result of chat bots and robots replacing humans.

For instance, robots are frequently utilized to replace human resources in manufacturing businesses
in some more technologically advanced nations like Japan. This is not always the case, though, as i
t creates additional opportunities for humans to
work while also replacing humans in order to increase efficiency.
 No ethics

Ethics and morality are important human features that can be difficult to incorporate into an AI.
The rapid progress of AI has raised a number of concerns that one day, AI will grow uncontroll
ably, and eventually wipe out humanity. This moment is referred to as the AI singularity.

 Emotionless

Since early childhood, we have been taught that neither computers nor other machines have feel
ings. Humans function as a team, and team management is essential for achieving goals. Howev
er, there is no denying that robots are superior to humans when functioning effectively, but it is a
lso true that human connections, which form the basis of teams, cannot be replaced by computer
s.
 Conclusion
AI will be a watershed moment in humanity’s technological
evolution, with humans’ reliance on machines and algorithms for
decision-making at an all-time high. While AI is making our lives
easier, it also comes with its own risks. Hence, it is necessary for a
country like Nepal to have an appropriate strategy to harness the
power of AI as well as mitigate its risks for the advancement of the
country.
 Big Data

 The definition of big data is data that contains greater variety, arriving in increasing volumes and with more ve
locity. This is also known as the three Vs.

Put simply, big data is larger, more complex data sets, especially from new data sources. These data sets are so
voluminous that traditional data processing software just can’t manage them. But these massive volumes of dat
a can be used to address business problems you wouldn’t have been able to tackle before.
The three Vs of big data

 Volume
 Velocity
 Variety
 Volume

 The amount of data matters. With big data, you’ll have to process high volumes of low-
density, unstructured data. This can be data of unknown value, such as Twitter data feeds, click
streams on a web page or a mobile app, or sensor-
enabled equipment. For some organizations, this might be tens of terabytes of data. For others, it may
be hundreds of petabytes.
Velocity

 Velocity is the fast rate at which data is received and (perhaps) acted on. Normally, the
highest velocity of data streams directly into memory versus being written to disk. So
me internet-
enabled smart products operate in real time or near real time and will require real-
time evaluation and action.
Variety

 Variety refers to the many types of data that are available. Traditional data types were
structured and fit neatly in a relational
database . With the rise of big data, data comes in new unstructured data types. Unstr
uctured and semistructured data types, such as text, audio, and
video, require additional preprocessing to derive meaning and support metadata.
 History of Big Data

 Although the concept of big data itself is relatively new, the origins of large data sets go back to the
1960s and ‘70s when the world of data was just getting started with the first data centers and the de
velopment of the relational database.

Around 2005, people began to realize just how much data users generated through Facebook, YouTu
be, and other online services. Hadoop (an open-
source framework created specifically to store and analyze big data sets) was developed that same y
ear. NoSQL also began to gain popularity during this time.

The development of opensource frameworks, such as Hadoop (and more recently, Spark) was essenti
al for the growth of big data because they make big data easier to work with and cheaper to store. In
the years since then, the volume of big data has skyrocketed. Users are still generating huge amount
s of data—but it’s not just humans who are doing it.
 With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), more objects and devices are connected to the interne
t, gathering data on customer usage patterns and product performance. The emergence of machine
learning has produced still more data.

While big data has come far, its usefulness is only just beginning. Cloud computing has expanded big
data possibilities even further. The cloud offers truly elastic scalability, where developers can simply
spin up ad hoc clusters to test a subset of data. And graph data
bases are becoming increasingly important as well, with their ability to display massive amounts of d
ata in a way that makes analytics fast and comprehensive.
 Big Data Benefits
 Big data makes it possible for you to gain more complete answers because you have m
ore information.
 More complete answers mean more confidence in the data—
which means a completely different approach to tackling problems.

Big Data use cases

 Product development
 Customer experience
 Fraud and compliance
 Machine learning
 Product Development
 Companies like Netflix and Procter & Gamble use big data to anticipate customer demand. They buil
d predictive models for new products and services by classifying key attributes of past and current pr
oducts or services and modeling the relationship between those attributes and the commercial succes
s of the offerings. In addition, P&G uses data and analytics from focus groups, social media, test ma
rkets, and early store rollouts to plan, produce, and launch new products.

Customer experience
 The race for customers is on. A clearer view of customer experience is more possible now than ever b
efore. Big data enables you to gather data from social media, web visits, call logs, and other sources
to improve the interaction experience and maximize the value delivered. Start delivering personalize
d offers, reduce customer churn, and handle issues proactively.
 Fraud and compliance
 When it comes to security, it’s not just a few rogue hackers—
you’re up against entire expert teams. Security landscapes and compliance requirements are constantly
evolving. Big data helps you identify patterns in data that indicate fraud and aggregate large volumes
of information to make regulatory reporting much faster.

Machine learning
 Machine learning is a hot topic right now. And data—specifically big data—
is one of the reasons why. We are now able to teach machines instead of program them. The availability
of big data to train machine learning models makes that possible.
 Big Data Challenges

 While big data holds a lot of promise, it is not without its challenges.

Although new technologies have been developed for data storage, data volumes are doubling in size ab
out every two years. Organizations still struggle to keep pace with their data and find ways to effectivel
y store it.

But it’s not enough to just store the data. Data must be used to be valuable and that depends on curatio
n. Clean data, or data that’s relevant to the client and organized in a way that enables meaningful analy
sis, requires a lot of work. Data scientists spend 50 to 80 percent of their time curating and preparing d
ata before it can actually be used.

Finally, big data technology is changing at a rapid pace. A few years ago, Apache Hadoop was the pop
ular technology used to handle big data. Then Apache Spark was introduced in 2014. Today, a combina
tion of the two frameworks appears to be the best approach. Keeping up with big data technology is an
ongoing challenge.
 Conclusion

 Big Data is changing the shape of Business and Technology. Big Data brings lot
of value from existing data and help business reduce cost and optimize operations
. Big Data Tools have brought new possibilities and opportunities with capability
to perform analytics and produce valuable insights.
 Cloud Computing
 To put it very simply, cloud computing is the delivery
of computing resources as a service. Moving to the
cloud basically means that the resources are owned
and managed by a third-party provider, instead of
the end-user.
This means that you don’t need to worry about hard drives, main-
frames, or where any of this hardware and software is located. As far as you, the user, is concerned, it’s floating u
p there in a metaphorical ‘ cloud ’ which you’re able to access via the internet.
This shift from software and hardware that was on-
premises to a networked, remote resource has meant that companies no longer have to worry about investing in l
abor, expertise, or capital for the maintenance of these resources. It has spawned a plethora of cloud computing c
ompanies, including key players like AWS and Microsoft Azure.
Types of cloud computing Services

 IaaS(Infrastructure as a Service)
 SaaS(Software as a Service)
 PaaS(Platform as a Service)
 IaaS
 Also known as utility computing, this is the on-
demand delivery of computing infrastructure. That means everything – from operating system
s and storage to networking and components – is outsourced to a cloud computing company o
r service. As the individual or the company, you’ll buy what you need on a pay-as-you-
go model.
The simplest example of IaaS cloud computing is ordinary web-
hosting. This is where you pay a monthly fee or by megabyte/
gigabyte to have a company host your files from their servers. IaaS is an extremely flexible op
tion, as it permits the user to customize the infrastructure of the computing environment. Fro
m web-hosting to big data analytics, IaaS covers the whole spectrum.
 SaaS
 This is when you use a complete application on a third-
party server or system. Users can access these applications on-
demand via the internet, without having to download or maintain any software . SaaS
cloud
tech is really popular with businesses and general users as it’s usually easy to adopt. It c
an also be accessible from any device, and there is often a range of paid or free options t
o choose from.

Examples of SaaS applications include any webbased mail services. The different servic
es supplied by Google such as Google Docs and Google Sheets are also examples of Saa
S. Adobe Creative Cloud services is also another example of SaaS in action. With this ki
nd of model, the user is only exposed to the interface that they choose to interact with.
 PaaS
 This form of cloud computing is often used by software developers who are looking to foc
us on development rather than DevOps and administration. It’s effectively an option to d
evelop an application without having to worry about installing, configuring, and maintai
ning an infrastructure. This is supplied by the server as a standardized environment.

PaaS cuts down on the complexity of setting up and properly maintaining an infrastructu
re, while also allowing for supported collaboration between teams. An example of this is
if you develop your own commerce site, but basically have the entire process running on
a separate server. Like with SaaS, you’re only exposed to the interface you interact with.
Types of cloud environment

 Public cloud
 Private cloud
 Hybrid cloud
 Public cloud

 Public cloud environments are operated by third-

party providers. They provide computing resources such as servers and storage option
s using the Internet. While this type of cloud service isn’t necessarily best suited for re
gulated industries like the healthcare sector, they could suit smaller businesses.
One of the biggest public cloud servers is Microsoft
Azure, which owns and manages huge hardware and software infrastructure which yo
u, as the user, can access online.
 Private cloud

 This type of cloud environment is owned and managed by one client. This means that on
ly the client’s employees can have access to this cloud system. A private cloud permits y
ou to have much greater control over your computing environment and data and is com
monly implemented in regulated industries like finance.

Private clouds are usually physically located in an organization’s office building, but so
metimes third-
party services are also employed. They’re much more secure than public clouds.
 Hybrid cloud

 Sometimes known as multiclouds, hybrid clouds are basically a combination of private

and public clouds. These clouds basically allow you to move information and data bet
ween the private and public clouds. This can give your organization much greater flexi
bility and can optimize your infrastructure. Amazon Web
Services, or AWS, are one of the biggest companies that offer hybrid cloud solutions.
 Advantages of cloud computing

 Lower upfront costs & reduced infrastructure costs

 Lower carbon emissions
 Easy to scale up or down
 Only pay for what you use
 Lower upfront costs and reduced infrastructure costs

 Running and maintaining a mainframe storage system is an extremely costly venture. By

delegating this responsibility to a third party, who has all the technology and expertise at
their fingertips, you’ll end up saving money, especially in your upfront costs. Plus, not ha
ving to maintain your own infrastructure in-house will also save you time and money.

Lower carbon emissions

 Companies the world over are looking for ways to reduce their carbon footprint. By
having people share a centralized cloud computing system that is efficiently run, you’ll
end up using a lot less energy than you would if they all had their own system. AWS even
claimed that cloud computing is capable of achieving carbon emissions savings of 88%.
But the more people who use cloud computing, the more power inevitably ends up getting
used.
Easy to scale up or down
 As it can be difficult to predict the growth rates and success rates of apps as they’re cre
ated, it can be really useful to be able to adjust your cloud computing capabilities accor
dingly. Cloud computing has been developed to scale quickly and handle unexpected gr
owth, with more storage options being available at the click of the mouse.

Only pay for what you use

 Many cloud computing services are based on a pay-as-you-
go model. This means that you have an upfront cost of how much you think you use, whi
ch you can then adjust as and when you need to. If you haven’t used as much storage as
you thought you needed, it’s very easy to downscale. More often than not, your service
provider will alert you to this fact too.
Disadvantages
 Ongoing operating costs
 Security
 Dependency on Internet connection
 Vendor lock-in
Ongoing operating costs
 While you’ll have access to computing services at a fraction of what it might cost you t
o have your own, over time, these expenses can rack up. If you have experienced unexp
ected growth, and your storage usage goes over capacity, your service provider could
well charge you a premium for this usage.

Security
 Owing to the use of API’s and cloud-based credentials, there are more security
vulnerabilities that come with cloud computing. These risks can come from both
potential attackers as well as the fact that you are trusting a third party in an unknown
location with potentially sensitive and private information. Learn about why cyber
security is important, and set yourself up with the foundations of cyber security.
 Dependency on Internet connection
 Access to the cloud is only possible via an internet connection. This fact alone can end up
being quite limiting, especially if you find yourself without the opportunity to connect. If
your cloud system ends up losing connection, your entire organization will end up being c
rippled. And without a physical backup system in place, chaos can ensue.

Vendor lock-in
 This is the condition where it becomes difficult, or occasionally impossible, to change clou
d computing service vendors due to the computing systems you have in place being closed
and proprietary. Migrating to a different cloud computing server is tricky in itself, but havi
ng too much of a structure in your current system can make it even harder.
 Conclusion
 Cloud computing technology is certainly going to continue growing and developing in
the coming years. This is largely owing to the opportunities that it can offer, not only to
businesses, but to independent developers, researchers, and even educators and
students.

By understanding the different types and environments involved in cloud computing,

you’ll be able to make a much more informed decision about how cloud computing
could end up helping you and your requirements. So why not take a look at all the
cloud computing courses we offer, and start building on your knowledge today.
 VR(Virtual reality)

 Virtual reality is an artificial environment that is created with software. It is computer-

generated simulation of a three-
dimensional image or environment. This is presented to the user in such a way that the user
believes and accepts it as a real environment and becomes completely immersed in that worl
d and shuts out the physical world. It is primarily experienced through two of the five senses
: sight and sound.
Applications of VR

 Healthcare
 Entertainment
 Automotive
 Education
 Space & Military
 Architecture
 Digital marketing
 Social science and psychology
 Healthcare
 The most important way VR is modernizing healthcare is through training. VR
facilitates an environment to learn and grow outside in real-world situations.
With VR, specialists who need to perform very precise operations can practice without
being in the midst of an emergency.
And practitioners who need to get familiar with the hospital environment can do so
without the extra stress involved.

Entertainment
The entertainment industry was one of the first to incorporate VR and still remains one of the st
rongest examples of how it can be applied. If you look at online and/
or console gaming, you will see that VR has a strong presence in this industry.
Similarly, VR is being introduced to cinemas and theme parks to simulate movie-
like adventures and let people experience their favorite cinematographic masterpieces.
Automotive
 VR helps car manufacturers in analyzing road scenarios and the behavior of cars. The s
imulated situations allow them to analyze and make changes to the prototypes before de
veloping a new model.

Virtual reality is widely used in the development of smart cars that will flood the market
in the future. Cars learn how to drive, turn, and stop using artificial intelligence (AR) a
nd virtual reality.

Education
 Even though education is believed to be a rather slow industry to pick up new trends
and technologies, VR has already shown a lot of promise.

For adults, it means that any industry can provide professional training to their
employees. But for younger students, VR is part of educational games, field trips, and in
general experiencing the world.
Space & Military
 Given that these two industries have to operate in rather dangerous environments that ca
n’t be easily accessed, VR provides conditions for making things as close to reality as pos
sible for training.

VR enables trainees to go through preparation with minimal risks and even helps soldier
s suffering from battlefield trauma to overcome these conditions and prepare for new or
unexpected situations.

Architecture
 Using VR, architects can not only envision what they’re building but understand how it f
eels as well. This allows them to experience the space before it is built and make real-
time changes to deliver customer satisfaction.
Digital Marketing
 While most people don’t like commercials, experiencing the use of a product closeup can
actually be an entertaining and enlightening experience. There are a variety of applicat
ions of VR in digital marketing.

For example, retailers can show potential customers how a product will look in their ho
me. Or nonprofits can create more empathetic messaging for political issues.

Social science and psychology

 Much of this industry relies on VR so that a patient can embody someone else and imagi
ne reality from a different perspective or worldview. Immersive environments can leave p
ositive impacts on future social interactions.
Advantages of VR
 Immersion
 Using VR for Training and Therapy Purposes
 Entertainment
 Accessibility
 Cost-effectiveness
 Immersion
 VR can provide a highly immersive experience, making you feel as if you are physically
present in a simulated environment. It gives you the impres-sion that it is real.

Using VR for Training and Therapy Purposes

 The training process can be made easy with Virtual Reality. Using VR for training pur
poses, such as simulating hazardous environments or practi-
cing complex tasks that are difficult to do in the real world. Using VR as a therapeutic
tool, such as treating phobias or post-traumatic stress disorder.
Entertainment
 Today, VR is becoming widely popular, especially in entertainment. Such as
in using it in the form of video games or virtual theme parks.

Accessibility
 Speciallyabled people can use virtual reality to access and interact with environme
nts and experiences that are difficult or impossible in the real world.

Cost-effectiveness
 One of the advantages of VR is that it can be a cheaper way to learn than traditio
nal methods, like simulations or field trips. You don’t have to spend money on tra
vel when you use VR.
Disadvantages of VR
 Cost
 Health concerns
 Negative Effects of Isolation and Dependence on VR
 Compatibility Issues with Advancing Technology
 Limited Content Availability
Cost
 With evolving technology, the cost that comes with exploring Virtual Reality is costly. VR
equipment can be expensive, making it less accessible to
some people, which is a disadvantage of VR.

Health concerns
 Some VR experiences might cause motion sickness or other physical discomforts. Using
VR equipment for a long time might negatively affect vision and balance.
 Negative Effects of Isolation and Dependence on VR

 VR can be a solitary experience, especially when you, as a user, are isolating yourself fr
om the physical world while using the equipment. Some people may become reliant on V
R to escape reality, which could lead to social isolation and other negative consequence
s.

Compatibility Issues with Advancing Technology

 VR equipment may not work with all devices and operating systems, which limits who ca
n access VR experiences. Also, VR equipment needs a
highperformance computer or special hardware to work, which can also be a barrier to
access.
 Limited Content Availability

 The availability of VR content may be limited, as creating VR experiences requires spec

ialized skills and resources. It can make it difficult for users to find a wide variety of V
R experiences to engage with, which is a disadvantage of Virtual Reality
 Conclusion
 A society in which the ability to access virtual reality was hindered by the pressing supporte
rs of the anti-
VR movement, would be a tremendous downfall and a signal to our own ignorance in times
of technological advancement. Virtual Reality is arguably the next footstep towards a moder
n/post-
modern era of development. The potential ground breaking effects that loom behind these m
achines is uncanny. With the ability to save lives, act as a medium for business development
and confrontations, and provide its users with endless hours of entertainment, learning, and
discovery, the world should be pushing for an increased presence of this product, just the s
ame as it did in the 1990’s. This time around, our technology will have come far enough to s
upport the needs for these devices and will begin implementing virtual reality within homes,
medical centers, and offices.
IOT(Internet Of Things)

 The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—

that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of conn
ecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet. These devic
es range from ordinary household objects to sophisticated industrial tools. With more tha
n 7 billion connected IoT devices today, experts are expecting this number to grow to 10
billion by 2020 and 22 billion by 2025.
 Applications of IOT
 Creating better enterprise solutions
 Integrating smarter homes
 Innovating agriculture
 Building smarter cities
 Upgrading supply chain management
 Transforming healthcare
Creating better enterprise solutions
 Large enterprises have dedicated IT staff to create, maintain, and monitor their technol
ogy infrastructure.

Integrating smarter homes

 The most visible application of the Internet of Things is a smart home. A smart home us
es sensors to control and maintain lighting, resource management, and security systems
. A smart home is a smaller, independent version of a smart city.
Innovating agriculture
 Agriculture, as an industry, could massively benefit from the Internet of Things. The w
orld’s human population is estimated to grow to around 10 billion by 2050. As such, g
overnments are prioritizing the scaling up of agricultural systems. This, combined wit
h climate change, has farmers marrying technology to cultivation.

Building smarter cities

 A smart city is an urban city that uses sensors and cellular or wireless technology pla
ced in ubiquitous places such as lamp posts and antennae. There are multiple facets i
n which one can incorporate IoT into the functioning of a city.
Upgrading supply chain management

 Supply chain management (SCM) is a process that streamlines the flow of goods and
services from raw material procurement to the customers. It involved inventory manag
ement, fleet management, vendor relationships, and scheduled maintenance.

Transforming healthcare
 The pandemic has accelerated the use of IoT in the healthcare industry. The Internet of
Things provides a much more efficient link between patients, doctors, and pharmaceut
icals. The traditionally reactive medical cycles can now be proactive.
 Advantages of IOT
 It can assist in the smarter control of homes and cities via mobile phones. It enhances sec
urity and offers personal protection.
 By automating activities, it saves us a lot of time.
 Information is easily accessible, even if we are far away from our actual location, and it i
s updated frequently in real time.
 Electric Devices are directly connected and communicate with a controller computer, suc
h as a cell phone, resulting in efficient electricity use. As a result, there will be no unneces
sary use of electricity equipment.
 Personal assistance can be provided by IoT apps, which can alert you to your regular pla
ns.
 It is useful for safety because it senses any potential danger and warns users.
For example, GM OnStar, is a integrated device that system which identifies a car crash
or accident on road. It immediately makes a call if an accident or crash is found.
 Disadvantages of IOT
 Hackers may gain access to the system and steal personal information. Since we add so
many devices to the internet, there is a risk that our information as it can be misused.
 They rely heavily on the internet and are unable to function effectively without it.
 With the complexity of systems, there are many ways for them to fail.
 We lose control of our lives—our lives will be fully controlled and reliant on technology.
 Overuse of the Internet and technology makes people unintelligent because they rely on s
mart devices instead of doing physical work, causing them to become lazy.
 Unskilled workers are at a high risk of losing their jobs, which could lead to unemploym
ent. Smart surveillance cameras, robots, smart ironing systems, smart washing machines
, and other facilities are replacing security guards, maids, ironmen, and dry-
cleaning services etc.
 It is very difficult to plan, build, manage, and enable a broad technology to IoT framewo
rk.
 Deploying IoT devices is very costly and time-consuming.
CONCLUSION

 Along with an exponential growth in connected devices, each thing

in IoT communicates packets of data that require reliable
connectivity, storage, and security. With IoT, an organization is
challenged with managing, monitoring, and securing immense
volumes of data and connections from dispersed devices.
Robotics
 Robotics is a branch of engineering and science
that includes electronics engineering, mechanical engineeri
ng and computer science and so on.
This branch deals with the design, construction, use to contr
ol robots, sensory feedback and information processing. The
se are some technologies
which will replace humans and human activities in coming y
ears. These robots are designed to be used for any purpose b
ut these are using in sensitive environments like bomb detect
ion, deactivation of various bombs etc.
Applications of Robotics
 Security
 Space Exploration
 Entertainment
 Agriculture
 Health Care
 Military
Security
 Imagine if all the security guards are robots? Even thieves would be scared! That’s why robots ar
e being proposed as security agents as they can protect humans, and they wouldn’t be in danger
like human security guards would be. Currently, robotics companies are working on pairing rob
ot guards with human security consultants. A very famous company in this field is Knightscope i
n the United States that has autonomous security robots capable of assisting human security gua
rds with realtime, actionable intelligence.

Space Exploration
 There are many things in space that are very dangerous for astronauts to do. Humans can’t roam
on Mars all day to collect soil samples or work on repairing a spaceship from the outside while it
’s in deep space! In these situations, robots are a great choice because there are no chances for th
e loss of human life then. So space institutions like NASA frequently use robots and autonomous v
ehicles to do things that humans can’t.
 Entertainment
 Robots are also a big draw in the entertainment industry. While they cannot exactly become actors
and actresses, they can be used behind the sets in movies and serials to manage the camera, provid
e special effects, etc. They can be used for boring repetitive tasks that are not suitable for a human
as cinema is, after all, a creative industry. Robots can also be used to do stunt work that is very da
ngerous for humans but looks pretty cool in an action movie.

Agriculture
 Agriculture is the sector that is the basis of human civilization. However, agriculture is also a seas
onal sector that is dependent on ideal weather conditions optimal soil, etc. Moreover, there are ma
ny repetitive tasks in agriculture that are just a waste of farmer’s time and can be performed more
suitable by robots. These include seeding, weed control, harvesting, etc. Robots are usually used fo
r harvesting the crops which allow farmers to be more efficient. An example of a robot that is used
to remove weeds in farms is the Ecorobotix.
 Military
 Robots also have many applications in the military. They can be used as drones to keep surveillanc
e on the enemy, they can also be used as armed systems to attack the opposing forces or as Medicar
e agents to help friendly forces. Some of the popular robots used in the Military sector include MAA
RS (Modular Advanced Armed Robotic System) which looks like a tank and contains tear gas and l
asers to confuse enemies and even grenade launcher for desperate situations. DOGO is also a tacti
cal combat robot that has a camera for spying on the activities of the enemy and a 9-
millimeter pistol for emergency situations!

Health Care
 Robots have changed healthcare a lot. And all for the better! They can help doctors in performing
operations more precisely, be used as prosthetic limbs, provide therapy to patients, etc. The possibi
lities are limitless. One example of this is the da Vinci robot that can help surgeons in performing c
omplex surgeries relating to the heart, head, neck, and other sensitive areas. There are other robot
ic devices that are created like exoskeletons that can be used to provide additional support for peo
ple undergoing rehabilitation after spinal injures, strokes, etc.
Advantages of Robotics

 In many situations robots can increase productivity, efficiency, quality and consistency of produc
ts:
 Unlike humans, robots don’t get bored
 Until they wear out, they can do the same thing again and again
 They can be very accurate – to fractions of an inch (as is needed for example in manufacturi
ng of microelectronics)
 Robots can work in environments which are unsafe for humans – in the nuclear or chemical indu
stries for example
 Robots don’t have the same environmental requirements that humans do – such as lighting, air c
onditioning or noise protection
 Robots have some sensors/actuators which are more capable than humans
 Disadvantages of Robotics
 The use of robots can create economic problems if they replace human jobs
 Robots can only do what they are told to do – they can’t improvise
 This means that safety procedures are needed to protect humans and other robots
 Although robots can be superior to humans in some ways, they are less dextrous than humans, they
don’t have such powerful brains, and cannot compete with a human’s ability to understand what th
ey can see.
 Often robots are very costly – in terms of the initial cost, maintenance, the need for extra componen
ts and the need to be programmed to do the task.
 CONCLUSION
 Today we find most robots working for people in industries, factories, warehouses, and la
boratories. Robots are useful in many ways. For instance, it boosts economy because bus
inesses need to be efficient to keep up with the industry competition. Therefore, having ro
bots helps business owners to be competitive, because robots can do jobs better and faste
r than humans can, e.g. robot can built, assemble a car. Yet robots cannot perform every j
ob; today robots roles include assisting research and industry. Finally, as the technology
improves, there will be new ways to use robots which will bring new hopes and new pote
ntials.
E-commerce

 Electronic commerce (e-commerce) refers to companies and individuals that buy and sell goods and services
over the internet. E-commerce operates in different types of market segments and can be conducted over
computers, tablets, smartphones, and other smart devices. Nearly every imaginable product and service is
available through e-commerce transactions, including books, music, plane tickets, and financial services such
as stock investing and online banking.
 Advantages of e-commerce
 Convenience: E-
commerce can occur 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Although eCommerce may take a lot o
f work, it is still possible to generate sales as you sleep or earn revenue while you are away fro
m your store.
 Increased Selection: Many stores offer a wider array of products online than they carry in thei
r brick-and-
mortar counterparts. And many stores that solely exist online may offer consumers exclusive in
ventory that is unavailable elsewhere.
 Potentially Lower Start-up Cost: E-
commerce companies may require a warehouse or manufacturing site, but they usually don't n
eed a physical storefront. The cost to operate digitally is often less expensive than needing to p
ay rent, insurance, building maintenance, and property taxes.
 International Sales: As long as an e-commerce store can ship to the customer, an e-
commerce company can sell to anyone in the world and isn't limited by physical geography.
 Easier to Retarget Customers: As customers browse a digital storefront, it is easier to entice t
heir attention towards placed advertisements, directed marketing campaigns, or pop-
ups specifically aimed at a purpose.
 Disadvantages of e-commerce
 Limited Customer Service: If you shop online for a computer, you cannot simply ask an employee to
demonstrate a particular model's features in person. And although some websites let you chat online with a
staff member, this is not a typical practice.
 Lack of Instant Gratification: When you buy an item online, you must wait for it to be shipped to your home
or office. However, e-tailers like Amazon make the waiting game a little bit less painful by offering same-day
delivery as a premium option for select products.
 Inability to Touch Products: Online images do not necessarily convey the whole story about an item, and so
e-commerce purchases can be unsatisfying when the products received do not match consumer expectations.
Case in point: an item of clothing may be made from shoddier fabric than its online image indicates.
 Reliance on Technology: If your website crashes, garners an overwhelming amount of traffic, or must be
temporarily taken down for any reason, your business is effectively closed until the e-commerce storefront is
back.
 Higher Competition: Although the low barrier to entry regarding low cost is an advantage, this means other
competitors can easily enter the market. E-commerce companies must have mindful marketing strategies and
remain diligent on SEO optimization to ensure they maintain a digital presence.
CONCLUSION
 E-commerce still represents one of the business methods that take advantage if
done the right way, even if the stock market and commodities fell, but E-
Commerce still able to survive and receive high transaction. E-commerce has a
tremendous opportunitythe in course of or business. In addition, it is also to
introducing new techniques and styles in a transaction. Use the extensive E-
Commerce in the Internet world is actually much better to bring the goodness
of the individual or the state.
 E-governance
 Electronic governance or e-
governance implies government functioning with the a
pplication of ICT (Information and Communications Te
chnology). Hence e-
Governance is basically a move towards SMART gover
nance implying: simple, moral, accountable, responsiv
e and transparent governance.
 Advantages of E-governance
 Speed: Technology makes communication swifter. Internet, smartphones have enables i
nstant transmission of high volumes of data all over the world.
 Saving Costs: A lot of Government expenditure goes towards the cost of buying statione
ry for official purposes. Letters and written records consume a lot of stationery. Howeve
r, replacing them with smartphones and the internet can saves crores of money in expen
ses every year.
 Transparency: The use of e-
governance helps make all functions of the business transparent. All Governmental info
rmation can be uploaded onto the internet. The citizens access specifically access which
ever information they want, whenever they want it, at their convinience.
 Accountability: Transparency directly links to accountability. Once the functions of the
government are available, we can hold them accountable for their actions.
 Disadvantages of E-governance
 Loss of Interpersonal Communication: The main disadvantage of e-
governance is the loss of interpersonal communication. Interpersonal communication i
s an aspect of communication that many people consider vital.
 High Setup Cost and Technical Difficulties: Technology has its disadvantages as well.
Specifically, the setup cost is very high and the machines have to be regularly maintain
ed. Often, computers and internet can also break down and put a dent in governmental
work and services.
 Illiteracy: A large number of people in India are tech-
illiterate and do not know how to operate computers and smartphones. E-
governance is very difficult for them to access and understand.
 Cybercrime/
Leakage of Personal Information: There is always the risk of private data of citizens s
tored in government serves being stolen. Cybercrime is a serious issue, a breach of dat
a can make the public lose confidence in the Government’s ability to govern the people.
CONCLUSION
 E-governance is the best solution to the problem of slow delivery of
services by increasing the efficacy of government offices. It also
provides the time-bound delivery of service, transparency in the
work, cost effective delivery of service for both government and
citizens.
 E-medicine

 It involves the integration of technology and medicine to facilitate the creation, storage,
analysis, and dissemination of health information, with the aim of enhancing clinical
decision-making, improving patient care, and reducing costs.
Advantages
 Convenience and Efficiency
 Fewer Storage Costs and Demands
 Easily Organized and Referenced
 Patient Access Simplified
Convenience and Efficiency
 When any medical or administrative team deals in physical papers and records, it can m
ean that a lot of sorting through those papers becomes a natural part of working life. No
t only is this slow and cumbersome, but it is also time-
wasting, taking away from the productivity and your team would be able to use elsewher
e. Finding the information that you need on digital systems is much easier, often taking
only a few clicks or presses of the keyboard, saving time and effort.

Fewer Storage Costs and Demands

 All the papers and folders that make up a physical records system also take up space. In
order to accommodate those needs, you have to buy file cabinets, that cost not only mon
ey but space in your business. You could make much better use the floor space provided,
such as storing medical supplies and equipment, by going digital instead.
 Easily Organized and Referenced
 Physician’s notes may be a comfortable and familiar way of taking down records, but they
can prove unreliable over time. For one, digital records are much easier to read and more
legible. What’s more, because the electronic health record stores them all in a standardize
d format, it is much easier to skim through directly for the information more relevant to yo
ur queries at the time.

Patient Access Simplified

 Whether they want to check a prescription that they are on, or they want to provide their
medical history to a specialist, patients have both a right and a need to access their
records. As such, they will often request them from their physician, but finding, copying, and
providing them can take time.
Disadvantages
 Cyber security Issues
 Frequent Updating Required
 Cyber security Issues
 While digital storage can be safer than carrying physical papers around, data breaches ar
e becoming much more widespread. Most certified EHR systems have security measures in
place, but the staff of a physician’s business must be trained in basic digital security to en
sure they do not leave their stations vulnerable to unauthorized access. Having your patie
nt’s data fall into the wrong hands is not acceptable.

Frequent Updating Required

 Since other healthcare professionals partnered with you, such as personal trainers and ph
armacists, may be using the same electronic health record system as you, it is essential tha
t you keep patient records updated after every appointment or consultation. Otherwise, the
y may check the system later to find inaccurate data without your knowledge, leading to in
appropriate approaches to treatment.
 Mobile Computing
 Mobile computing is human–computer
interaction in which a computer is expected
to be transported during normal usage and
allow for transmission of data, which can
include voice and video transmissions.
Mobile computing involves mobile
communication, mobile hardware, and
mobile software.
 Advantages of Mobile computing
 Flexibility – Mobile computing allows you to work from anywhere, at any time, giving yo
u the flexibility to get things done when and where it’s convenient for you.
 Connectivity – Mobile computing keeps you connected to the Internet, allowing you to ac
cess information, stay in touch with others, and collaborate with colleagues and classmat
es.
 Efficiency – Mobile computing helps you be more efficient, allowing you to complete task
s quickly and easily while on the go.
 Productivity – Mobile computing can increase productivity, as you can take care of impor
tant tasks and responsibilities while away from your desk.
 Innovation – Mobile computing is constantly advancing and evolving, providing new and
innovative ways to stay connected and get things done.
Disadvantages of Mobile computing
 Dependence – Mobile computing can lead to a dependence on technology, making it dif
ficult to disconnect and enjoy life without constant digital distraction.
 Battery Life – Mobile devices have limited battery life, requiring frequent recharging an
d causing inconvenience and disruption.
 Security Concerns – Mobile devices can be vulnerable to cyberattacks and data theft, p
utting personal information and sensitive data at risk.
 Cost – Mobile computing can be expensive, with high costs for devices, data plans, and
accessories.
 Physical Damage – Mobile devices are small and fragile, making them susceptible to p
hysical damage from drops, spills, and other accidents.
CONCLUSION

 Today's computing has rapidly grown from being confined to a

single location. With mobile computing, people can work from the
comfort of any location they wish to as long as the connection and
the security concerns are properly factored. In the same light, the
presence of high speed connections has also promoted the use of
mobile computing.
 CONCLUSION FOR ICT
 Information communication technology's importance is dependent on the quality of the infor
mation which is being communicated. When used to educate, or as a resource for accessing
knowledge, it can be amazingly useful. In increasing choice and obtaining advice, it's someti
mes helpful.

As with any means of communication, it can enable crimes and abuse, or spread lies and pro
paganda. It's potential for good or evil is the responsibility of we who use it, and of those wh
o profit from it. The possibilities of creating communities online and for helping spread ideas
, is as good or bad as the intentions of the people involved.

Communication is one of our species great gifts and expanding the opportunities for it enabl
es progress. Just as printing helped our ancestors to collect and share knowledge, so the inte
rnet helps us, it's very important, both how we use it, and how we protect against its misuse.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Linkedin.com
 Futurelearn.com
 Geeksforgeeks.org
 Oracle.com
 Spiceworks.com
 Simplilearn.com
 Investopedia.com
 Trio.dev
THANK
YOU