ECE 476

Power System Analysis

Lecture 1:Review of Phasors, Complex
Power, Three-Phase,

Prof. Tom Overbye

Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Texas A&M University
[email protected]
Special Guest Lecturer: Adam Birchfield
Simple Power System
• Prof. Overbye needed to be out of town for first two
lectures, he will give a course introduction next
Tuesday
• Every power system has three major components
– generation: source of power, ideally with a specified voltage
and frequency
– load: consumes power; ideally with a constant resistive value
– transmission system: transmits power; ideally as a perfect
conductor

2
Complications
• No ideal voltage sources exist
• Loads are seldom constant
• Transmission system has resistance, inductance,
capacitance and flow limitations
• Simple system has no redundancy so power system
will not work if any component fails

3
Notation - Power
• Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy
• Power Units
• Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)
• kW – 1 x 103 Watt
• MW – 1 x 106 Watt
• GW – 1 x 109 Watt
• Installed U.S. generation capacity is about
1000 GW ( about 3 kW per person)
• Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300
MW
4
Notation - Energy
• Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what
people really want from a power system
• Energy Units
– Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)
– kWh = Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)
– Btu = 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh
– One gallon of gas has about 0.125 MBtu (36.5 kWh);
• U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600 billion
kWh (about 13,333 kWh per person, which means on
average we each use 1.5 kW of power continuously)

5
Power System Examples
• Electric utility: can range from quite small, such as
an island, to one covering half the continent
– there are four major interconnected ac power systems in
North American, each operating at 60 Hz ac; 50 Hz is
used in some other countries.
• Airplanes and Spaceships: reduction in weight is
primary consideration; frequency is 400 Hz.
• Ships and submarines
• Automobiles: dc with 12 volts standard
• Battery operated portable systems

6
North America Interconnections

7
Review of Phasors

Goal of phasor analysis is to simplify the analysis of

constant frequency ac systems

v(t) = Vmax cos(wt + qv)

i(t) = Imax cos(wt + qI)

Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage of sinusoid

1T 2 Vmax

T0
v(t ) dt 
2

8
Phasor Representation

Euler's Identity: e j  cos  j sin 

Phasor notation is developed by rewriting

using Euler's identity
v(t )  2 V cos( t  V )
v(t )  2 V Re e j ( t V ) 
(Note: V is the RMS voltage)

9
Phasor Representation, cont’d
The RMS, cosine-referenced voltage phasor is:
V  V e jV  V V
v(t )  Re 2 Ve j t e jV
V  V cosV  j V sin V
I  I cos I  j I sin  I
(Note: Some texts use “boldface” type for
complex numbers, or “bars on the top”)

10
Advantages of Phasor Analysis
Device Time Analysis Phasor
Resistor v(t )  Ri (t ) V  RI
di (t )
Inductor v(t )  L V  j LI
dt
1t 1
Capacitor 
C0
i (t ) dt  v (0) V 
j C
I

Z = Impedance  R  jX  Z 
R = Resistance
X = Reactance (Note: Z is a
X complex number but
Z = R2  X 2  =arctan( )
R not a phasor)

11
RL Circuit Example

V (t )  2 100cos( t  30)
f  60Hz
R  4 X  L  3
Z  42  32  5   36.9
V 10030
I  
Z 536.9
 20  6.9 Amps
i(t)  20 2 cos( t  6.9)

12
Complex Power
Power
p (t )  v(t ) i (t )
v(t) = Vmax cos( t  V )
i (t) = I max cos( t   I )
1
cos cos   [cos(   )  cos(   )]
2
1
p (t )  Vmax I max [cos(V   I ) 
2
cos(2 t  V   I )]

13
Complex Power, cont’d
Average Power
1
p (t )  Vmax I max [cos(V   I )  cos(2t  V   I )]
2
T
1
Pavg 
T0 p (t )dt

1
 Vmax I max cos(V   I )
2
 V I cos(V   I )

Power Factor Angle =  =V   I

14
Complex Power
S  V I cos(V   I )  j sin(V   I ) 
 P  jQ (Note: S is a complex number but not a phasor)

 V I*
P = Real Power (W, kW, MW)
Q = Reactive Power (var, kvar, Mvar)
S = Complex power (VA, kVA, MVA)
Power Factor (pf) = cos
If current leads voltage then pf is leading
If current lags voltage then pf is lagging
15
Complex Power, cont’d
Relationships between real, reactive and complex power
P  S cos 

Q  S sin    S 1  pf 2

Example: A load draws 100 kW with a leading pf of 0.85.

What are  (power factor angle), Q and S ?
  -cos 1 0.85  31.8
100kW
S   117.6 kVA
0.85
Q  117.6sin(31.8)  62.0 kVar
16
Conservation of Power
• At every node (bus) in the system
– Sum of real power into node must equal zero
– Sum of reactive power into node must equal zero
• This is a direct consequence of Kirchhoff’s current
law, which states that the total current into each
node must equal zero.
– Conservation of power follows since S = VI*

17
Conversation of Power Example

Earlier we found
I = 20-6.9 amps

S  V I *  10030  206.9  200036.9 VA

  36.9 pf = 0.8 lagging
SR  VR I *  4  20  6.9 206.9
2
PR  1600W  I R (QR  0)
SL  VL I *  3 j  20  6.9 206.9
2
Q L  1200 var  I X (PL  0)
18
Power Consumption in Devices
Resistors only consume real power
2
PResistor  I Resistor R
Inductors only consume reactive power
2
Q Inductor  I Inductor X L
Capacitors only generate reactive power
2 1
QCapacitor   I Capacitor X C XC 
C
2
VCapacitor
QCapacitor   (Note-some define X C negative)
XC
19
Example

First solve
basic circuit

400000 V
I   4000 Amps
1000 
V  400000  (5  j 40) 4000
 42000  j16000  44.920.8 kV
S  V I *  44.9k20.8 4000
 17.9820.8 MVA  16.8  j 6.4 MVA
20
Example, cont’d

Now add additional

reactive power load
and resolve

Z Load  70.7 pf  0.7 lagging

I  564  45 Amps
V  59.713.6 kV
S  33.758.6 MVA  17.6  j 28.8 MVA

21
Power System Notation

Power system components are usually shown as

“one-line diagrams.” Previous circuit redrawn
17.6 MW 16.0 MW
28.8 MVR -16.0 MVR

59.7 kV 40.0 kV

17.6 MW
16.0 MW
28.8 MVR
16.0 MVR

Arrows are
Generators are Transmission lines
used to
shown as circles are shown as a single
line show loads
22
Reactive Compensation
Key idea of reactive compensation is to supply reactive
power locally. In the previous example this can
be done by adding a 16 Mvar capacitor at the load
16.8 MW 16.0 MW
6.4 MVR 0.0 MVR

44.94 kV 40.0 kV

16.8 MW 16.0 MW
6.4 MVR 16.0 MVR
16.0 MVR

Compensated circuit is identical to first example with

just real power load
23
Reactive Compensation, cont’d
• Reactive compensation decreased the line flow
from 564 Amps to 400 Amps. This has advantages
– Lines losses, which are equal to I2 R decrease
– Lower current allows utility to use small wires, or
alternatively, supply more load over the same wires
– Voltage drop on the line is less
• Reactive compensation is used extensively by
utilities
• Capacitors can be used to “correct” a load’s power
factor to an arbitrary value.

24
Power Factor Correction Example
Assume we have 100 kVA load with pf=0.8 lagging,
and would like to correct the pf to 0.95 lagging
S  80  j 60 kVA   cos 1 0.8  36.9
PF of 0.95 requires desired  cos 1 0.95  18.2
Snew  80  j (60  Q cap )
60 - Qcap
 tan18.2  60  Qcap  26.3 kvar
80
Qcap  33.7 kvar

25
Distribution System Capacitors

26
Balanced Three-Phase () Systems
• A balanced three-phase () system has
– three voltage sources with equal magnitude, but with an
angle shift of 120
– equal loads on each phase
– equal impedance on the lines connecting the generators to
the loads
• Bulk power systems are almost exclusively 3
• Single-phase is used primarily only in low voltage,
low power settings, such as residential and some
commercial

27
Balanced 3 -- No Neutral Current

I n  I a  Ib  I c
V
In  (10  1   1  
Z
* * * *
S  Van I an  Vbn I bn  Vcn I cn  3 Van I an
28
Advantages of 3 Power
• Can transmit more power for same amount of wire
(twice as much as single phase)
• Torque produced by 3 machines is constant
• Three-phase machines use less material for same
power rating
• Three-phase machines start more easily than
single-phase machines

29
Three-Phase Wye Connection
• There are two ways to connect 3 systems
– Wye (Y)
– Delta ()

Wye Connection Voltages

Van  V  
Vbn  V   
Vcn  V   

30
Wye Connection Line Voltages

Vcn Vab
Vca
-Vbn
Van
Vbn
(α = 0 in this case)
Vbc
Vab  Van  Vbn  V (1  1  120
 3 V   30
Line to line
Vbc  3 V   90 voltages are
Vca  3 V   150 also balanced
31
Wye Connection, cont’d
• Define voltage/current across/through device to be
phase voltage/current
• Define voltage/current across/through lines to be
line voltage/current

j
VLine  3 VPhase 130  3 VPhase e 6

I Line  I Phase
*
S3  3 VPhase I Phase

32
Delta Connection

For the Delta

phase voltages equal
line voltages

For currents
Ica Ic Ia  I ab  I ca
 3 I ab   
Ib Iab I b  I bc  I ab
Ibc
Ic  I ca  I bc
Ia *
S3  3 VPhase I Phase
33
Three-Phase Example

Assume a -connected load is supplied from a 3

13.8 kV (L-L) source with Z = 10020W

Vab  13.80 kV
Vbc  13.8 0 kV
Vca  13.80 kV

13.80 kV
I ab   138  20 amps
 
I bc  138  140 amps I ca  1380 amps
34
Three-Phase Example, cont’d
I a  I ab  I ca  138  20  1380
 239  50 amps
I b  239  170 amps I c  2390 amps

*
S  3  Vab I ab  3  13.80kV  138 amps
 5.7 MVA
 5.37  j1.95 MVA
pf  cos 20   lagging

35
Delta-Wye Transformation
To simplify analysis of balanced 3 systems:
1) Δ-connected loads can be replaced by
1
Y-connected loads with ZY  Z 
3
2) Δ-connected sources can be replaced by
VLine
Y-connected sources with Vphase 
330

36
Delta-Wye Transformation Proof

From the  side we get

Vab Vca Vab  Vca
Ia   
Z Z Z
Vab  Vca
Hence Z 
Ia
37
Delta-Wye Transformation, cont’d
From the Y side we get
Vab  ZY ( I a  I b ) Vca  ZY ( I c  I a )
Vab  Vca  ZY (2 I a  I b  I c )
Since Ia  I b  I c  0  I a   I b  I c
Hence Vab  Vca  3 ZY I a
Vab  Vca
3 ZY   Z
Ia
1
Therefore ZY  Z
3

38
Three-Phase Transmission Line

39