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Lesson 1 - Types of Skeletons

The document discusses different types of skeletons that support and enable movement in organisms. It describes hydrostatic skeletons which use fluid pressure, exoskeletons which are external skeletons made of chitin, and endoskeletons which are internal skeletons found in vertebrates composed of bone and cartilage. Each type has advantages for support and movement but also disadvantages like limited growth potential, vulnerability when molting, or rigidity restricting mobility.

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51 views

Lesson 1 - Types of Skeletons

The document discusses different types of skeletons that support and enable movement in organisms. It describes hydrostatic skeletons which use fluid pressure, exoskeletons which are external skeletons made of chitin, and endoskeletons which are internal skeletons found in vertebrates composed of bone and cartilage. Each type has advantages for support and movement but also disadvantages like limited growth potential, vulnerability when molting, or rigidity restricting mobility.

Uploaded by

xiaoleyi060705
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Movement

• Almost all animals and plants are held in shape or


supported in some way.

• In animals, support systems usually take the form of a


skeleton.

• This skeleton supports and protects the animal and


enables it to move.

• Movement is a characteristic of all living organisms.


Types of skeletons
• The first animals evolved
from the sea.

• They were small, simple


invertebrates.

• Their bodies were supported


by the seawater.

• Water exerts pressure on the outside of the body, helping to keep it


upright and maintain its shape.

• As invertebrates evolved and moved from the water to habitats on


land, they developed a support structure to keep them upright and firm
outside the water.
Types of skeletons
1. Hydrostatic skeletons
- fluid inside the body

2. Exoskeletons
- found outside, covering the
body

3. Endoskeletons
- found inside the body
Hydrostatic skeletons
• Soft bodied invertebrates are supported by the fluid inside
their bodies.

• The fluid fills the body cells and cavities in the body.

• The muscles contract against the fluid, setting up the


pressure.

• The less compressible the fluid, the better the support


system.

• Note: fluid has no shape.

• These animals rely on their


• Soft bodied invertebrates:
worm
• Have no skeleton

jellyfish Sea anemone slugs


How do these animals move?
• Contracting muscles surrounding the fluid-filled cavity
creates pressure that causes a change in the shape of the
animal.

• This causes movement such as burrowing, crawling or


swimming, etc.

• Jelly fish:
- Move by contracting their bell-shaped
form.
- Forcing water out of their bell.
- This propels them forward.
- This type of skeleton is well suited for
http://www.jcu.edu.au/stingers/anatomy%201.jpg
aquatic animals.
• Earthworms
- Use their hydrostatic skeletons to
change their body shape as they
move forward by peristalsis.

- Circular and longitudinal muscles


produce movement through waves
of contraction and relaxation.

- When lengthwise muscles contract –


segments of the body shorten.

- When circular muscles contract –


segments of the body elongate.

- Chaetae (bristles) press into the


ground to ensure that the
earthworm moves forward.

http://biomania.weebly.com/uploads/6/4/3/8/6438200/1829882.jpg?371
What are the disadvantages of hydrostatic
skeletons?
• These animals:
- Lack well developed skeletal defence mechanisms.

- Have restricted range of movement.

- Are confined to areas near or in water as they lose water so readily.

- Cannot reach any great size , whether they live on land or in the
water.
Exoskeleton
• Are hard outside structures.

• They cover the bodies of animals known


as arthropods.

• An arthropod is an invertebrate with


jointed legs and an exoskeleton.

• The exoskeleton is made of chitin


(polysaccharide).
- It is similar to cellulose in plants.
- It is quite a strong compound.
• The animal’s muscles attach to the
exoskeleton.

• They allow for controlled movement.


Advantage Disadvantage

Provides good body support Chitin cannot grow or stretch –


animal moults to grow

Provides attachment for muscles Animal is easy prey for predators


when moulting (unprotected)

Reduces water loss - cuticle Animal size limited – large


exoskeleton is heavy and limits
movement

Thin an flexible exoskeletons at Exoskeletons are rigid and therefore


joints for movement – move quickly. limit mobility.

Protects animal from injury


How can the disadvantages be overcome?

• Arthropods shed their exoskeletons to enable them to grow –


moulting (ecdysis).

• A new exoskeleton is shed and the arthropod pumps up its body by


the intake of air or water – to expand the new exoskeleton to a
larger size.

• Dehydration of the cuticle then takes place which causes it to


harden into an exoskeleton.

• Animals become easy prey to predators


when they are moulting.

• Many molluscs have calcareous shells


and as they grow the diameter of the
shell is added to and enlarged without http://biology-igcse.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/0/7/15070316/6679148_orig.jpg?522
• Movement limitations can be overcome by allowing
flexibility in the following ways:

- The exoskeleton is divided into different functional units –


head, thorax, abdomen.

- Arthropods have jointed limbs where the exoskeleton is


thin at the joints – enabling the leg to move.

http://museumvictoria.com.au/spidersparlour/images/parts2.gif
Endoskeleton
• Skeleton inside the body of vertebrates.

• All vertebrate skeletons are made of


either bone and or cartilage.
- Sharks have skeletons made of cartilage – lighter and
softer than bone.

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