Artificial Intelligence

Unity University

College of Information Technology

and Computation Science

Department of computer science

Mersha D. (MSc)
Chapter One: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
 It is a branch of Computer Science that pursues creating the computers or machines
as intelligent as human beings.

It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially

intelligent computer programs.

Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things, which, at

the moment, people do better.

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science

and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer
programs”

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 (cont'd. . . )

Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled

robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent
humans think.

What is intelligence then?

Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals.

Intelligence include the capacity for logic learning, reasoning critical thinking, creativity,
perception, language understanding, problem solving. etc.

Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science dedicated to the development of computer
systems or machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence.

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 (cont'd. . . )

 Examples of these tasks are: -

Speech recognition

Language Translation

Performing complex surgical operation

Driving a car in traffic (crowded environment)

Proving a mathematical theorem

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 (cont'd. . . )

Other definitions of Artificial Intelligence

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 (cont'd. . . )
Approaches to AI
Views of AI fall into four categories:

Acting Humanly: The Turing Test

 Alan Turing (1950) published "Computing Machinery and Intelligence".
 “Can machines think?" → "Can machines behave intelligently? “.
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 (cont'd. . . )
ges

He has proposed an operational test for intelligent behavior called the Imitation Game.

Approaches of Turing Tests: -

Interrogator asks the question to both computer & human via teletype, and receives the
answer from both of them.
All three entities sit in an isolated location.

The Computer passes the test if the interrogator cannot distinguish the answers responded
by the computer and humans.

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 (cont'd. . . )

To pass the classical Turing Test computer needs to have the following
capabilities (Skills Required)
Natural language processing

Knowledge representation

Automated reasoning

Machine learning.

To pass the total Turing Test, the computer will need
Computer vision

Robotics

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 (cont'd. . . )

 Thinking Humanly: Cognitive Modeling

When we say a given program thinks like a human, we must have some way of determining
“how humans think?”. We need to get inside the actual workings of human minds. There are
two ways to do this: through introspection--trying to catch our thoughts as they go by--or
through psychological experiments.

This requires knowledge of brain functions (internal activities of the brain).

Cognitive Science brings together computer models from AI and experimental techniques
from psychology to construct the working of the human mind.

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 (cont'd. . . )
Thinking Rationally: "Laws of Thought“

Aristotle attempted this: What are correct arguments/thought processes? Several

Greek schools developed various forms of logic notation and rules of derivation for
thoughts. These laws of thought were supposed to govern the operation of the mind
and provided the foundation of much of Artificial intelligence.

Problems with this approach;

 It is not easy, to take informal knowledge and state it in formal logical notation.

 There is a big difference between being able to solve a problem “in principle'‘ and “doing so in
practice”.

 Not all intelligent behavior is controlled/mediated by logic.

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)
 (cont'd. . . )

 Acting Rationally: Rational Agent

Rational behavior: doing the right thing.

The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available
information.
Doesn’t necessarily involve thinking—e.g., blinking reflex—but thinking should be in the
service of rational action.

Suggested Components or Subfields of AI

Intelligent systems may be expected to involve the following components to
interact with their environment.

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 (cont'd. . . )

1. Natural Language processing

Enable computers to communicate in human language e.g., English, Amharic, ..
Speech recognition, understanding and synthesis
2. Knowledge representation
Schemes to store information effectively & efficiently, both facts and inferences

3. Automated reasoning
To use the stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions

4. Machine learning
 To adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns

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 (cont'd. . . )

5. Computer vision
To perceive and recognize objects based on patterns in the same way as the human visual
system does

6. Robotics
Enable computers to take actions or modify their environment

Goals of AI
To replicate human intelligence (implement human intelligence on the Machine)

To solve a knowledge-intensive task

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 (cont'd. . . )

To build a machine that can perform a task that requires human intelligence ex., playing chess
games, driving a car in traffic, proving a theorem, surgical operation
To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior, learn,
demonstrate, explain, and advice users.
To develop helping machines find solutions to complex problems and to take over dangerous
tasks from the human.

Foundations of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence has identifiable roots in several disciplines, particularly:

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 (cont'd. . . )

 Philosophy:

 Understanding the connection between how peoples think (connection b/n idea) and
explicate that connection in a reasoned and a logic way.

 Logic, methods of reasoning (Aristotle developed laws for reasoning)

 Mathematics

 Boole introduced formal language for making logical inferences, knowledge representation
(for instance, FOL) and proof, computation, (un)decidability, and (in)tractability.

 Neuroscience (Brain science)

 Study how brains process information.

 It enables to build powerful AI systems by simulating biological neural networks.

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 (cont'd. . . )

Economics utility, decision theory, rational agents maximizing their own well-being
(payoff)
Psychology /Cognitive science

Study of human minds and their behaviors.

Understanding, how the human mind works/functions, and leads to intelligent behavior.
Cognitive psychology initiated
Computer science and Engineering

Building fast and efficient computers.

Provides the artifact that makes AI application possible.

Design efficient algorithms and graphics

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 (cont'd. . . )

Control theory

Design systems that maximize an objective function over time

Linguistics

Natural languages processing

knowledge representation, grammar

Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

The following are some of the milestones in the history of AI which define the journey from the
AI generation to till date development. How has AI is progressed /evolved at a different year?

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 (cont'd. . . )
A. Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
Warren McCulloch & Walter Pitts (1943): proposed a model of artificial neurons.

Donald Hebb (1949): demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection strength
between neurons. His rule is called Hebbian learning.
Alan Turing (1950): He pioneered Machine learning & published “Computing Machinery &
Intelligence” in which he proposed tests (i.e. can machines think?).

B. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon (1955): created the first AI program, named Logic
Theorist. This program proved 38 of 52 mathematics theorems.
John McCarthy(1956) : The word "Artificial Intelligence" was first time adopted and called as
academic field. Also, high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL
were invented at that time.

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 (cont'd. . . )
C. Golden Years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)
Joseph Weizenbaum (1966): created the first chatbot which is called ELIZA.

In the year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named
WABOT-1.

D. The first AI winter (1974-1980)

Because computer scientists dealt with a severe shortage of funding from the government for
AI research.
Publicity interest in AI was decreased.

E. A boom of AI (1980-1987)
After AI winter duration AI came back with "Expert System".

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 (cont'd. . . )
F. The Second AI winter (1987-1993)
 Again, investors and the government stopped funding AI research due to high costs and its poor results.

G. The Emergence of Intelligent Agents (1993-2011)

 In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to
beat a world chess champion.
 In the year 2002, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.

 In the year 2006: AI came into the Business world. Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started
using AI.

H. Deep Learning, Big Data and Artificial General Intelligence (2011-present)

 In the year 2006: IBM's Watson won Jeopardy, a quiz show. Watson had proved that it could
understand natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly.

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 (cont'd. . . )
 In the year (2012): Google has launched an Android app feature "Google Now “. It is one of
the voice activated Google predictive search apps.
In the year (2014): Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous "Turing
test.“
 In the year (2018): The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two
master debaters and also performed extremely well.

State of the Arts in AI

Intelligent Systems in our Everyday Life:

Banks: automatic check readers, signature verification systems, automated loan

application classification, detect fraudulent credit card transactions

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 (cont'd. . . )

Autonomous planning & scheduling: NASA's on-board program controlled the operations
of a spacecraft a hundred million miles from Earth.
 Self-Driving Cars

 Navigation Systems

Email: Spam filtering

Chatbots

Medical Diagnosis

 Image recognition

 Virtual assistants: Alexa, Siri, Google Assistant, etc.

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 (cont'd. . . )

Application of Artificial Intelligence

 AI has been dominant in various fields such as −
 Gaming − AI plays crucial role in the strategic games such as chess, poker, etc., where the
machine can think of a large number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.

 Natural Language Processing −concerned with giving computers the ability to

understand text and spoken words in much the same way human being can. It strives to
build a machine that understands and responds to the text or voice data and responds
with text or speech of their own in much the same way a human do. Some NLP tasks
include Machine Translation, Spell Checking, Grammar checking, text summarization,
named entity recognition, word sense disambiguation, and speech recognition (speech-
to-text).
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 (cont'd. . . )

Expert Systems − The system that exhibits intelligent behavior. It can provide explanations
and advice to the users. Ex. Doctors use clinical expert systems to diagnose the patient.
Computer Vision − Enables the computer to interpret, understand, and comprehend visual
input (i.e. digital image, video) and drive useful information. Computers can accurately
identify and classify objects and then react to what they see.
Healthcare: Healthcare industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than
humans.

Social media: social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain
millions of user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient
way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of
data to identify the latest trends, hashtags, and requirements of different users.
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 Thank you!!

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