Module 01

Partha Pratim
Das Module 01: Programming in C++
Objectives
& Outline
Recap of C
Recap of
C Data
Types
Variables Partha Pratim Das
Literals
Operators
Expressions Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Statements
Control Flow
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Arrays
Structures [email protected]
Unions
Pointers
Functions
InputLibrary
Std / Output Tanwi Mallick
Srijoni Majumdar
Organization
Himadri B G S
Build Process Bhuyan
References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 1

 Module Objectives

Module 01

Partha Pratim Revisit the concepts of C language

Das
Revisit C Standard Library components
Objectives
& Outline Revisit the Organization and Build
Recap of Process for C programs
C Data
Types
Variables
Create the foundation for the concepts of C++
Literals
Operators
with backward compatibility to C
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
InputLibrary
Std / Output

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 2

 Module Outline

Module 01 Recap of C features

Partha Pratim Data types
Das
Variables
Objectives Literals
& Outline Operators
Recap of Expressions
C Data
Types
Variables
Literals
Statements
Operators
Expressions
Control
Statements Constructs
Control Flow
Arrays –
Structures
Unions
Conditional
Pointers Flow &
Functions
InputLibrary
Std / Output Loops
Organization
Arrays
Build Process
Structures & Unions
Pointers
References
Functions
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 3
Input / Output
 Module 01: Lecture
01
Module 01 Recap of C features
Partha Pratim Data types
Das
Variables
Objectives Literals
& Outline Operators
Recap of Expressions
C Data
Types
Variables
Literals
Statements
Operators
Expressions
Control
Statements Constructs
Control Flow
Arrays –
Structures
Unions
Conditional
Pointers Flow &
Functions
InputLibrary
Std / Output Loops
Organization

Build Pro

cess

References
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 4
 First C program

Module 01

Partha Pratim Print ”Hello World”

Das
Source Program
Objectives
& Outline #include < std i o. h >

Recap of i n t main() {
C Data
Types p r i n tf ( " H e l l o World");
Variables p r i n tf ( " \ n " ) ;
Literals
Operators return 0 ;
Expressions }
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays • s t d i o . h header included for input / output
Structures • main function is used to start execution
Unions • p r i n tf function is used to print the string ”Hello World”
Pointers
Functions
InputLibrary
Std / Output

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 5

 Data Types

Module 01
Data types in C are used for declaring variables and deciding
Partha Pratim
Das
on storage and computations:

Objectives
Built-in / Basic data types are used to define raw data
& Outline
char
Recap of
C Data int
Types
Variables
fl o a t
Literals double
Operators
Expressions
Statements Additionally,
Control Flow
Arrays
C99 defines:
Structures
Unions bool
Pointers
Functions
InputLibrary
/ Output
All data items of a given type has the same size (in bytes).
Std
The size is implementation-defined.
Organization

Build Process Enumerated Type data are internally of i n t type and operates
References on a select subset.
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 6
 Data Types

Module 01 Data types in C further include:

Partha Pratim void: The type specifier void indicates no type.
Das
Derived data types include:
Objectives
& Outline
Array
Recap of
C Data
Structure – s t r u c t &
Types union
Variables
Literals Pointer
Operators
Expressions
Function
Statements
Control Flow
String – C-
Arrays Strings
Structures
Unions are
Pointers
Functions
really
InputLibrary
Std / Output not a
Organization type;
Build Process
but can
References
be made
unsigned
Summary
to behave as such using functions from <st rin g.h > in
NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 7
 Variables

Module 01 A variable is a name given to a storage

Partha Pratim
Das area Declaration of Variables:

Objectives
Each variable in C has a specific type, which determines
& Outline the size and layout of the storage (memory) for the
Recap of variable The name of a variable can be composed of
C Data
Types letters, digits, and the underscore character. It must begin
Variables
Literals
with either a letter or an underscore
Operators
Expressions
Statements int i, j , noOfData;
Control
Flow char c, endOfSession;
Arrays
Structures
fl o a t f, velocity;
Unions
Input / Output
Pointers
double d, dist_in_light_years;
Functions
Std Library

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 8

 Variables

Module 01 Initialization of Variables:

Partha Pratim
Das
Initialization is setting an initial value to a variable at its
definition
Objectives
& Outline

Recap of
int i = 10, j = 20, numberOfWorkDays = 22;
C Data char c = ’x’;
Types
Variables
fl o a t weight = 4 . 5 ;
Literals double d ensit y = 0 . 0 ;
Operators
Expressions
Statements
Control
Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Input / Output
Pointers
Functions
Std Library

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 9

 Literals

Module 01

Partha Pratim Literals refer to fixed values of a built-in type

Das
Literals can be of any of the basic data
Objectives
& Outline types
212 // ( i n t ) Decimal l i t e r a l
0173 // ( i n t ) Octa l l i t e r a l
Recap of 0b1010 // ( i n t ) Binary l i t e r a l
C Data 0xF2 // ( i n t ) Hexadecimal l i t e r a l
Types 3.14 // (double) F l o ati n g - p o i n t l i t e r a l
Variables ’x’ // ( c h a r ) Character l i t e r a l
Literals " H e ll o" // (char *) St ring l i t e r a l
Operators
Expressions
Statements In C99, literals are constant values having const types as:
Control Flow
Arrays 212 // ( c on st i n t ) Decimal l i t e r a l
Structures 0173 // ( c on st i n t ) Octa l l i t e r a l
Unions 0b1010 // ( c on st i n t ) Binary l i t e r a l
Pointers 0xF2 // ( c on st i n t ) Hexadecimal l i t e r a l
Functions 3.14 // ( c on st double) F l o ati n g - p o i n t l i t e r a l
InputLibrary
Std / Output
’x’ // ( c on st c h a r) Character l i t e r a l
" H e ll o" // ( c on st char * ) S t r i n g l i t e r a l
Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 10

 Operator
s
Module 01 An operator denotes a specific operation. C has the following
Partha Pratim types of operators:
Das
Arithmetic Operators: + – * / % ++ – –
Objectives Relational Operators: == != > < >= <=
& Outline Logical Operators: & & || !
Recap of Bit-wise Operators: & | ˜ << >>
C Data Assignment Operators: = += –= *= / = · ·
Types ·
Variables
Literals Miscellaneous Operators: . , s i z e o f & * ?:
Operators Arity of Operators: Number of operand(s) for an operator
Expressions
Statements +, –, *, & operators can be unary (1 operand) or binary (2 operands)
Control Flow
Arrays
==, !=, >, <, >=, <=, &&, ||, +=, –=, *=, =, /=, &, |, <<,
Structures >> can work only as binary (2 operands) operators
Unions
Pointers
s i z e o f ! ˜ ++ – – can work only as unary (1 operand) operators
Functions ?: works as ternary (3 operands) operator. The condition is the first
InputLibrary
Std / Output
operand and the i f true logic and i f false logic corresponds to the
Organization
other two operands.
Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 11

 Operator
s
Module 01 Operator Precedence: Determines which operator will be
Partha Pratim performed first in a chain of different operators
Das The precedence of all the operators mentioned above is in the
following order: (left to right – Highest to lowest precedence)
Objectives
& Outline (), [], ++, –, + (unary), –(unary), !˜, *, &, sizeof, *, /, %, +,
–, <
Recap of
C Data <, > >, ==, !=, *=, =, /=, &, |, &&, | |, ?:, =, +=, –=,
Types *=, =,
Variables
Literals
Operator
/=, <Associativity:
<=, > >= Indicates in what order operators of
Operators
Expressions
equal precedence in an expression are applied
Statements
Control Flow Consider the expression a ˜ b ˜ c. If the operator ˜ has left
Arrays
Structures associativity, this expression would be interpreted as (a ˜ b) ˜
Unions
Pointers
c. If the operator has right associativity, the expression would
Functions
InputLibrary
/ Output
be interpreted as a ˜ (b ˜ c).
Std
Right-to-Left: ?:, =, +=, -=, *=, =, /=, <<=, >>=, –, +-, !˜, *,
Organization
&, sizeof
Build Process
Left-to-Right: *, /, %, +, -, <<, >>, ==, !=, *=, =, /=, &, |,
References &&, | |
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 12
 Expression
s
Module 01 Every expression has a value
Partha Pratim
Das
A literal is an expression
A variable is an expression
Objectives
& Outline
One, two or three expression/s connected by an operator (of
Recap of
appropriate arity) is an expression
C Data A function call is an expression
Types
Variables
Literals
Examples:
Operators
Expressions
For
Statements i n t i = 10, j = 20, k ;
Control Flow i n t f ( i n t x , i n t y ) { return x + y ; }
Arrays
Structures
Expression are:
Unions 2. 5 / / Value = 2. 5
Pointers i / / Value 10
Functions -i / / Value -10
InputLibrary
Std / Output i - j / / Value -10
k =5 / / Value 5
Organization f(i, j) / / Value 30
i + j == i * 3 / / Value t rue
Build Process ( i == j ) ? 1 : 2 / / Value 2
References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 13

 Statement

Module 01 A statement is a command for a specific action. It has no

Partha Pratim value A ; (semicolon) is a (null) statement
Das
An expression terminated by a ; (semicolon) is a statement A
Objectives list of one or more statements enclosed within a pair of
& Outline curly braces { and } or block is a compound
Recap of Control constructs like i f , i f - e l s e , switch, for,
statement
C Data
Types while, do-while, goto, conti nue, break, return are
Variables
Literals
statements
Operators
Expressions Example: Expression statements
Statements Expressions Statements
Control Flow i + j i + j;
Arrays k =i +j k =i +j;
Structures
funct(i,j) funct(i,j);
Unions
k = k =
Pointers
funct(i,j) funct(i,j);
Functions
InputLibrary
/ Output
Example: Compound statements
Std {
Organization int i = 2, j = 3, t ;

Build Process t =i;

i =
References j; j
} = t;
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 14
 Control Constructs

Module 01 These statements control the flow based on conditions:

Partha Pratim
Das
Selection-statement: i f , i f - e l s e , switch
Labeled-statement: Statements labeled with identifier,
Objectives
& Outline
case, or d efa u l t
Recap of
Iteration-statement: for, while, do-while
C Data Jump-statement: goto, conti nue, break, return
Types
Variables
Literals
Examples:
Operators i f (a < b) i f ( x < 5) switch ( i ) {
Expressions { int t ; x = x + case 1 : x = 5 ;
Statements 1; else { bre ak ;
Control Flow t = a; x = x case 3 : x = 10;
Arrays a = b; + 2; d e f a u l t : x = 15;
Structures b= t; --y; }
Unions } }
Pointers
Functions
InputLibrary
/ Output i n t sum = 0 ; while ( n ) { int f(int x, int y)
Std
fo r ( i = 0; i < 5; ++i) sum += n ; {
Organization { int j = i * i ; i f (sum > 20) return x + y ;
sum += j ; bre ak ; }
Build Process } --n;
}
References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 15

 Module 01: End of Lecture
01
Module 01 Recap of C features
Partha Pratim Data types
Das
Variables
Objectives Literals
& Outline Operators
Recap of Expressions
C Data
Types
Variables
Literals
Statements
Operators
Expressions
Control
Statements Constructs
Control Flow
Arrays –
Structures
Unions
Conditional
Pointers Flow &
Functions
InputLibrary
Std / Output Loops
Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 16

 Module 01: Lecture
02
Module 01 Recap of C features
Partha Pratim Arrays
Das Structures
Objectives Unions
& Outline Pointers
Recap of
C Data
Types
Variables
Literals
Operators
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Pro

cess
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 17
 Array
s
Module 01 An array is a collection of data items, all of the same
Partha Pratim type, accessed using a common name
Das
Declare Arrays:
#defi ne S I Z E 10
Objectives i n t name[SIZE]; / / S I Z E must be an i n te g e r constant g reater than
& Outline zero double ba la nce [10];
Recap of
C Data
Initialize Arrays:
i n t primes[5] = { 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 1 1 } ; / / S i z e = 5
Types
Variables
i n t prime s [] = { 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 1 1 } ;
Literals
Operators
i n t sizeOfPrimes = s i z e o f ( p r i m e s ) / s i z e o f ( i n t ) ; / / s i z e i s 5 by i n i ti a l i z a ti o n
Expressions
Statements
i n t primes[5] = { 2 , 3 } ; / / S i z e = 5 , l a s t 3 elements s e t to 0
Control Flow
Arrays Access Array elements:
Structures i n t primes[5] = { 2 , 3 } ;
Unions i n t EvenPrime = p ri m e s [ 0 ]; / / Read 1 s t element
Pointers primes[2] = 5 ; / / Write 3rd element
Functions
InputLibrary
Std / Output
Multidimensional Arrays:
i n t mat[3][4];
Organization

Build Process fo r ( i = 0; i < 3; ++i)

for( j = 0; j < 4; ++j)
References mat[i][j] = i + j ;

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 18

 Structures

Module 01 A structure is a collection of data items of different types. Data

Partha Pratim items are called members. The size of a structure is the sum of
Das the size of its members.
Declare Structures:
Objectives
s t r u c t Complex { / / Complex Number
& Outline / / Real component
double
Recap of r e ; double / / Imaginary component
} c ; im; / / c i s a v a r i a b l e of s t r u c t Complex type
C Data
p r i n tf ( " s i z e = %d\n", s i z e o f ( s t r u c t Complex)); / / P r i n t s : s i z e = 16
Types
Variables
typedef s t r u c t _Books
Literals
{ char ti t l e [ 5 0 ] ; / / data member
Operators
char a ut hor[50]; / / data member
Expressions
int book_id; / / data member
Statements
Control Flow
} Books; / / Books i s an a l i a s f o r s t r u c t _Books type
Arrays
Structures Initialize Structures:
Unions s t r u c t Complex x = { 2 . 0 , 3 . 5 } ; / / Both members
Pointers s t r u c t Complex y = { 4 . 2 } ; / / Only the fi r s t member
Functions
InputLibrary
Std / Output Access Structure members:
s t r u c t Complex x = { 2 . 0 , 3 . 5 } ;
Organization double norm = s q r t ( x . r e * x . r e + x . i m * x . i m ) ; / / Using . ( d o t ) operator
Build Process
Books book;
References book.book_id = 6495407;
s t r c p y ( b o o k . ti t l e , "C
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming");
Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 19
 Unions

Module 01 A union is a special structure that allocates memory only for

Partha Pratim
the largest data member and holds only one member as a time
Das Declare Union:
typedef union _Packet { / / Mixed Data Packet
int iData; / / i n te g e r data
Objectives
double dData; / / fl o a ti n g point data
& Outline
char cDat a ; / / cha ra cter data
Recap of } Packe t ;
p r i n tf ( " s i z e = %d\n", s i z e o f ( P a c ke t ) ) ; / / P r i n t s : s i z e = 8
C Data
Types
Variables Initialize Union:
Literals
Operators
Packer p = { 1 0 } ; / / I n i ti a l i z e only with a value o f the type o f fi r s t member
Expressions
p r i n tf ( " i D a t a = %d\n", p . i D a t a ) ; / / P r i n t s : iD ata = 10
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays Access Union members:
Structures p . i D ata = 2 ;
Unions p r i n tf ( " i D a t a = %d\n", p . i D a t a ) ; / / P r i n t s : iD ata = 2
Pointers p.dData = 2 . 2 ;
Functions p ri n tf ( " d D ata = % l f \ n " , p. dD ata); / / P r i n t s : dData =
InputLibrary
Std / Output 2.200000
p.cData = ’ a ’ ;
Organization p r i n tf ( " c D a t a = %c\n", p . c D a ta ) ; / / P r i n t s : cData = a
p . i D ata = 97;
Build Process p r i n tf ( " i D a t a = %d\n", p . i D a t a ) ; / / P r i n t s : iD ata = 97
p ri n tf ( " d D ata = % l f \ n " , p. dD ata); / / P r i n t s : dData = 2.199999
References
p r i n tf ( " c D a t a = %c\n", p . c D a ta ) ; / / P r i n t s : cData = a
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 20
 Pointers

Module 01 A pointer is a variable whose value is a memory address

Partha Pratim
Das
The type of a pointer is determined by the type of its
pointee / / pointer to an i n te g e r
int *ip;
Objectives double *dp; / / pointer to a double
& Outline fl o a t * f p ; / / pointer to a fl o a t
char *ch / / pointer to a cha ra cter
Recap of
C Data
Types Using a pointer:
Variables
Literals i n t main() {
Operators i n t i = 20; / / v a r i a b l e d e c la rati on
Expressions int *ip; / / pointer d e c la rati on
Statements ip = &i; / / store address of i i n pointer
Control Flow
Arrays p ri n tf ( " A d d re s s of v a r i a b l e : %p\n", & i ) ; / / P r i n t s : Address o f v a r i a b l e : 00A8F73C
Structures
Unions p r i n tf ( " Va l u e of p o i n t e r : %p\n", i p ) ; / / P r i n t s : Value o f pointer : 00A8F73C
Pointers
Functions p r i n tf ( " Va l u e of pointee : %d\n", * i p ) ; / / P r i n t s : Value o f pointee : 20
InputLibrary
Std / Output
return 0 ;
Organization }
Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 21

 Pointers

Module 01
• Pointer-Array Duality • Pointer to a structure
Partha Pratim int a[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; s t r u c t Complex { / / Complex Number
Das i n t *p; double r e ; / / Real component
double im; / / Imaginary component
p = a; } c = { 0 . 0 , 0. 0 };
Objectives
p r i n tf ( " a [ 0 ] = %d\n", * p ) ; // a[0] = 1
& Outline s t r u c t Complex *p = &c;
p r i n tf ( " a [ 1 ] = %d\n", *++p); // a[1] = 2
Recap of p r i n tf ( " a [ 2 ] = %d\n", * ( p + 1 ) ) ; / / a [ 2 ] = 3
(*p).re = 2.5;
C Data
p = &a [2]; p->im = 3 . 6 ;
Types
*p = - 1 0 ;
Variables
p r i n tf ( " a [ 2 ] = %d\n", a [ 2 ] ) ; / / a [ 2 ] = -10 p r i n tf ( " r e = % l f \ n " , c . r e ) ; / / re = 2.500000
Literals
p r i n tf ( " i m = % l f \ n " , c . i m ) ; / / im = 3.600000
Operators
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow • malloc-free • Dynamically allocated arrays
Arrays i n t *p = ( i n t * ) m a l l o c ( s i z e o f ( i n t ) ) ; i n t *p = ( i n t * ) m a l l o c ( s i z e o f ( i n t ) * 3 ) ;
Structures
Unions *p = 0x8F7E1A2B; p[0] = 1; p[1] = 2; p[2] = 3;
Pointers p ri n tf ( " % X \n " , * p ) ; / / 8F7E1A2B
Functions
p r i n tf ( " p [ 1 ] = %d\n", * ( p + 1 ) ) ; / / p [ 1 ] = 2
InputLibrary
Std / Output
unsigned char *q = p ; free(p);
p ri n tf ( " % X \n " , *q++); // 2B
Organization p ri n tf ( " % X \n " , *q++); // 1A
p ri n tf ( " % X \n " , *q++); // 7E
Build Process
p ri n tf ( " % X \n " , *q++); // 8F
References
free(p);
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 22
 Module 01: End of Lecture
02
Module 01 Recap of C features
Partha Pratim Arrays
Das Structures
Objectives Unions
& Outline Pointers
Recap of
C Data
Types
Variables
Literals
Operators
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Pro

cess
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 23
 Module 01: Lecture
03
Module 01 Recap of C features
Partha Pratim Functions
Das Input / Output
Objectives C Standard
& Outline

Recap of
Library
C Data
Types
Source Organization for a C program
Variables
Literals Build Process
Operators
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
InputLibrary
Std / Output

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 24

 Functions

Module 01 A function performs a specific task or

Partha Pratim computation Has 0, 1, or more parameters /
Das
arguments. Every argument has a type (void for
Objectives no argument)
& Outline
May or may not return a result. Return value has a type
Recap of
(void for no result)
C Data
Types Function declaration:
/ / Functi on Prototype / Header / Sig nature
Variables / / Name of the f u n c ti o n : funct
Literals / / Parameters: x and y. Types of parameters: i n t
Operators / / Return t y p e : i n t
Expressions
Statements int funct(int x , int y ) ;
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Function definition:
Unions
Pointers / / Functi on Implementati on
Functions int funct(int x , int y)
InputLibrary
Std / Output
/ / Functi on Body
Organization {
return ( x + y ) ;
Build Process }

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 25

 Functions

Module 01 Call-by-value mechanism for passing arguments. The value of

Partha Pratim
an actual parameter copied to the formal parameter
Das
Return-by-value mechanism to return the value, if any.
Objectives int funct(int x , int y) {
& Outline ++x; ++y; / / Formal parameters changed
return ( x + y ) ;
Recap of
}
C Data
Types i n t main() {
Variables i n t a = 5 , b = 10, z ;
Literals
Operators p r i n tf ( " a = %d, b = %d\n", a , b ) ; / / p r i n t s : a = 5 , b = 10
Expressions
Statements z = funct(a, b); // functi on c a l l by value
Control Flow // a copied to x . x becomes 5
Arrays
// b copied to y. y becomes 10
Structures
// x i n funct changes to 6 ( + + x )
Unions
// y i n funct changes to 11 ( + + y )
Pointers
// return value ( x + y ) copied to z
Functions
InputLibrary
Std / Output
p r i n tf ( " f u n c t = %d\n", z ) ; / / p r i n t s : funct = 17
Organization
/ / A ct ual parameters do not change on return ( c a l l - b y - v a l u e )
Build Process p r i n tf ( " a = %d, b = %d\n", a , b ) ; / / p r i n t s : a = 5 , b = 10

References return 0 ;
}
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 26
 Functions

Module 01 A function may be recursive (call itself)

Partha Pratim
Das
Has recursive step/s
Has exit condition/s
Objectives
& Outline Example:
Recap of
/ / F a c t o r i a l of n
C Data unsigned i n t fa c t o r i a l ( u n s i g n e d i n t n )
Types { i f (n > 0)
Variables return n * f a c t o r i a l ( n - 1 ) ; / /
Literals Recursive step
Operators else return 1 ; / / E x i t conditi on
Expressions
}
Statements
Control Flow
/ / Number of 1 ’s i n the binar y representati on of n
Arrays
unsigned i n t nOnes(unsigned i n t n ) {
Structures
i f ( n == 0 )
Unions
Pointers
return 0 ; / / E x i t conditi on
Functions e l s e / / Recursive ste ps
InputLibrary
/ Output i f ( n % 2 == 0 )
Std return nOnes(n / 2 ) ;
else
Organization
return nOnes(n /
Build Process 2) + 1;
}
References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 27

 Function pointers

Module 01 #include < std i o. h >

DrawFunc DrawArr[] = { / / Array o f f u n c . p t r s
s t r u c t GeoObject {
draw C ir, drawRec, drawTrg } ;
Partha Pratim enum { CIR =
Das 0 , REC, TRG }
gCode; i n t main() {
union { s t r u c t GeoObject go;
Objectives s t r u c t C i r { double x , y, r ; } c ;
& Outline go.gCode = C I R ;
s t r u c t Rec { double x , y, w, h ; } r ;
g o . c . x = 2 . 3 ; g o . c .y = 3 . 6 ;
s t r u c t Trg { double x , y, b , h ; } t ;
Recap of }; go.c.r = 1.2;
C Data }; DrawArr[go.gCode](go); / / C a l l by p t r
typedef void(*DrawFunc) ( s t r u c t GeoObject);
Types
Variables go.gCode = REC;
void d ra w C i r( st ru c t GeoObject go)
Literals g o . r. x = 4 . 5 ; g o . r. y = 1 . 9 ;
{ p r i n tf ( " C i r c l e : ( % l f, % l f, % l f ) \
Operators go. r.w = 4 . 2 ; g o . r. h = 3 . 8 ;
n",
Expressions DrawArr[go.gCode](go); / / C a l l by p t r
g o . c . x , g o . c . y, g o . c . r ) ; }
Statements
void drawRec(struct GeoObject go)
Control Flow go.gCode = TRG;
{ p r i n tf ( " R e c t : ( % l f, % l f, % l f, % l f ) \
Arrays go.t . x = 3. 1; go.t .y = 2. 8;
n",
Structures go.t.b = 4.4; go.t.h = 2.7;
g o . r. x , g o . r. y, g o . r.w, g o . r. h ) ; }
Unions DrawArr[go.gCode](go); / / C a l l by p t r
void drawTrg(struct GeoObject go)
Pointers
{ p r i n tf ( " Tr i a g : ( % l f, % l f, % l f, % l f ) \
Functions return 0 ;
n",
InputLibrary
Std / Output }
g o . t . x , g o . t . y, g o . t . b , g o . t . h ) ; }
Organization
C i r c l e : (2.300000, 3.600000, 1.200000)
Build Process Re c t : (4.500000, 1.900000, 4.200000, 3.800000)
Tr i a g : (3.100000, 2.800000, 4.400000, 2.700000)
References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 28

 Input / Output

Module 01 i n t p r i n tf ( c o n s t char *format, . . . ) writes to stdout

Partha Pratim by the format and returns the number of characters written
Das
i n t sca nf(co nst char *format, . . . ) reads from s t d i n
Objectives
& Outline
by the format and returns the number of characters read
Recap of Use %s, %d, %c, %lf, to print/scan string, i n t , char, double
C Data
Types #include < std i o. h >
Variables
Literals i n t main() {
Operators
Expressions char
Statements str[100]; int
Control Flow i;
Arrays p r i n tf ( " E n t e r a value : " ) ; / / p r i n t s a constant s t r i n g
Structures
Unions
scanf("%s %d", s t r, & i ) ; / / scans a s t r i n g value and an i n te g e r value
Pointers
Functions
p r i n tf ( " Yo u entered: %s %d " , s t r, i ) ; / / p r i n t s s t r i n g and i n te g e r
InputLibrary
Std / Output

return 0 ;
Organization }
Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 29

 Input / Output

Module 01
To write to or read from file:
Partha Pratim #include < std i o. h >
Das
i n t main() {

Objectives F I L E *fp = NULL;

& Outline int i ;
Recap of f p = fop e n ( " I n p u t . d at " , " r " ) ;
C Data f s c a n f ( f p , "%d", / / scan from I n p u t . d at
Types &i); fclose(fp);
Variables
Literals f p = fopen("Output.dat", " w " ) ;
Operators fprintf ("% d^ 2 = %d\n", i , i * i ) ; / / p r i n t s to Output.dat
Expressions fclose(fp);
Statements
Control return 0 ;
Structures
Flow Arrays }
Unions
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 30

 C Standard Library

Common Library Components:

Module 01

Partha Pratim
Das Component Data Types, Manifest Constants, Macros, Functions, ...
stdio.h Formatted and un-formatted file input and output including
Objectives & functions
Outline
• p r i n tf , scanf, f p r i n tf , fsca nf , s p r i n tf , sscanf, feof,
Recap of etc.
C Data
Types
stdlib.h Memory allocation, process control, conversions, pseudo-
Variables random numbers, searching, sorting
Literals • malloc, free, e x i t , abort, at o i , s t r t o l d , rand,
Operators
Expressions
bsearch, qsort, etc.
Statements string.h Manipulation of C strings and arrays
Control
Flow
• s t r c a t , strcpy, strcmp, s t r l e n , st r t o k , memcpy,
Arrays memmove, etc.
Structures
Functions
math.h Common mathematical operations and transformations
Unions
Input / Output
Pointers • cos, s i n , tan, acos, asin, atan, exp, log , pow, sqrt, etc.
Std Library errno.h Macros for reporting and retrieving error conditions through
error codes stored in a static memory location called errno
Organization
• EDOM (parameter outside a function’s domain – sqrt(-1)),
Build Process • ERANGE (result outside a function’s range), or
References • EILSEQ (an illegal byte sequence), etc.
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 31
 Source Organization for a C
program
Module 01
Header Files
Partha Pratim
Das A header file has extension . h and contains C function
Objectives
declarations and macro definitions to be shared between several
& Outline source files
Recap of
C Data There are two types of header files:
Types
Variables Files that the programmer writes
Literals
Operators Files from standard library
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow Header files are included using the #include pre-processing
Arrays
Structures
directive
Unions
Pointers #include < fi l e > for system header files
Functions
InputLibrary
Std / Output #include " fi l e " for header files of your own
Organization
program
Build Pro

cess

References
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 32
 Source Organization for a C
program
Module 01

Partha Pratim
Example:
Das
/ / S o l v e r. h - - Header fi l e s
i n t quadrati cEquati onSolver(double, double, double, double*, double*);
Objectives
& Outline / / S o l v e r. c - - Implementati on fi l e s
#include " S o l v e r. h "
Recap of
C Data i n t quadrati cEquati onSolver(double a , double b , doublec , double* r 1 , double* r 2 ) {
Types // . . .
Variables // . . .
Literals // . . .
Operators return 0 ;
Expressions }
Statements
Control Flow / / main.c - - A p p li c ati on fi l e s
Arrays #include " S o l v e r. h "
Structures
Unions
i n t main() {
Pointers
double a , b ,
Functions
c ; double r 1 ,
InputLibrary
Std / Output
r2;
i n t s t a t u s = qua drati cEquati onSolve r(a, b , c , &r1, &r2);
Organization
return 0 ;
Build Process
}
References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 33

 Build Flow

Module 01

Partha Pratim
Das

Objectives
& Outline

Recap of
C Data
Types
Variables
Literals
Operators
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Process
References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 34

 Build Process

Module 01
C Pre-processor (CPP) substitutes and includes functions,
Partha Pratim
Das headers and macros before compilation
i n t s u m ( in t ,
Objectives i n t ) ; i n t main() {
& Outline int a =
s um(1,2);
Recap of return a ;
C Data }
Types
Variables
The compiler translates the pre-processed C code into assembly
Literals
Operators
language, which is a machine level code that contains
Expressions instructions that manipulate the memory and processor directly
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
The linker links our program with the pre-compiled libraries for
Structures
Unions
using their functions
Pointers
Functions
In the running example, f u n c ti o n . c and main.c are
InputLibrary
Std / Output first compiled and then linked
Organization i n t sum(int a , i n t b ) { return a+b; }

Build Process i n t main() {

i n t a = s um(1,2); / / as fi l e s are l i n k e d , uses functi ons d i r e c t l y
References return a ;
}
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 35
 Tools

Module 01

Partha Pratim Development IDE: Code::Blocks 16.01

Das
Compiler: -std=c++98 and -
Objectives
& Outline std=c99
Recap of
C Data
Types
Variables
Literals
Operators
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Pro

cess
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 36
 References

Module 01

Partha Pratim
Das Kernighan, Brian W., and Dennis M. Richie. The C
Programming Language. Vol. 2. Englewood Cliffs:
Objectives
& Outline Prentice-Hall, 1988.
Recap of
C Data
King, Kim N., and Kim King. C programming: A Modern
Types
Variables
Approach. Norton, 1996.
Literals
Operators
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
InputLibrary
Std / Output

Organization

Build Pro

cess

References
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 37
 Module Summary

Module 01

Partha Pratim Revised the concept of variables and literals in C

Das
Revised the various data types and operators of
Objectives
& Outline C Re-iterated through the control constructs of
Recap of
C Data
C
Types
Variables Re-iterated through the concepts of functions and
Literals
Operators pointers of C
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Re-iterated through the program organization of C and
Arrays
Structures
the build process.
Unions
Pointers
Functions
InputLibrary
Std / Output

Organization

Build Pro

cess

References
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 38
 Instructor and TAs

Module 01

Partha Pratim
Das Name Mail Mobile
Objectives
Partha Pratim Das, Instructor [email protected] 9830030880
& Outline Tanwi Mallick, TA [email protected] 9674277774
Recap of
Srijoni Majumdar, TA [email protected] 9674474267
C Data Himadri B G S Bhuyan, TA [email protected] 9438911655
Types
Variables
Literals
Operators
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Pro

cess
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 39