Introduction to Programming

Lecture 20
In the Last Two Lectures

 File Handling
– Sequential Files
– Random Access Files
Today’s Lecture

 Structures
 Unions
Structure

?
 Structure definition
Keyword

struct Student
Structure
name

}
char name [ 60 ] ;
char address [ 100 ] ; Data of the structure

double gpa ;
};
 Student s1 , s2 , s3 ;
Structure Name

}Variable Names
 Structure
struct address
{
char streetAddress [ 100 ] ;
char city [ 30 ] ;
char country [ 30 ] ;
}
 Structure
struct Student
{
char name [ 60 ] ;
address add ;
double gpa ;
} s1 , s2 , s3 ;
Example 1
struct Card
{
char *suit ;
char *value ;
};
 Structures
Variables of type structure
Pointers to Structure
Array of Structure
 Structures

Student s [ 100 ] ;
Student *sPtr ;
 Structures
Student stdnt1 , stdnt2 ;
stdnt1 + stdnt2 ; //Wrong
 Structures

Student s1 , s2 ;
s1 = s2 ;
 Example 2
struct Student
{
char name [ 64 ] ;
char course [ 128 ] ;
int age ;
int year ;
};
 Initializing Structures

Student s1 = { “Amara”,“cs201”,“19”, “2002” } ;

Name
year
Course age
name
Initializing Structures

s1.name ;
s1.course ;
s1.age ;
s1.year ;
 Initializing Structures

s1.age = 20 ;
s1.name = “Abbas Ali ” ; //Wrong
strcpy ( s1.name , “Abbas Ali ” ) ;
Accessing structure members

cout << s1.name ;

Student s1 , s2 ;
s2 = s1 ;
Passing Structures
to Functions
Passing Structures to Functions

Call by value
Call by Reference X
int Square ( int x ) ;
x = Square ( 10 ) ;
 Structures
 Simple Variable of type
Structure
 Pointer to Structure
 Arrays of Structures
 Function that returns a
Structure
 Pass the Structure to functions
Pointers to Structure
Pointers to Structure

Student *sPtr , s1 ;
sPtr = &s1 ;
Pointers to Structure

sPtr.name ;
Wrong
Pointers to Structure

*sPtr.name ;
Pointers to Structure

*( sPtr ).name ;
Pointers to Structure

*sPtr ->name ;
Same as
s1.name
Arrays of Structures
Arrays of Structure
Student s [ 100 ] ;
s [ 0 ].name ;
s [ 1 ].name ;
s [ 2 ].name ;
.
.
.
s [ 99 ].name ;
sizeof ( s1 ) ;
Example 3
struct Student
{
char firstName [ 30 ] ;
char lastName [ 30 ] ;
char course [ 15 ] ;
char rollNo [ 10 ] ;
int age ;
float gpa ;
};
 Example 3
Student s [ 10 ] ;
for ( int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i ++ )
{
cout << “Please enter the student's last name : " ;
cin >> s [ i ].lastName ;
cout << “Please enter the student's first name : " ;
cin >> s [ i ].firstName ;
cout << " Please enter the student's course : " ;
cin >> s [ i ].course ;
cout << " Please enter the student's Roll No. : " ;
cin >> s [ i ].rollNo ;
cout << " Please enter the student's grade : " ;
cin >> s [ i ].grade ;
cout << " Please enter the student's age : " ;
cin >> s [ i ].age ;
cout << " Please enter the student's GPA : " ;
cin >> s [ i ].gpa ;
}
 Example 4

Student getData ( ) ;
Return
Type
Function
Name
 Example 4
ifstream inFile ( “myText.txt” ) ;
void main ( )
{
Student s1 ;
s1 = getData ( ) ;
inFile.close ( ) ;
}
 Example 4
Student getData ( )
{
Student tempStudent ;
inFile >> tempStudent.firstName ;
inFile >> tempStudent.lastName ;
inFile >> tempStudent.course ;
inFile >> tempStudent.rollNo ;
inFile >> tempStudent.age ;
inFile >> tempStudent.gpa ;
return tempStudent ;
}
Union
 Union
union intOrChar
{
int i ;
char c ;
};
 Union
Memory

Both Variable
i occupy the
same space in
memory
 Union
union intOrDouble
{
int ival ;
double dval ;
};
 Union
Memory

iVal

Both Variable
dVal
occupy the
same space in
memory
 Union
intOrDouble u1 ;
u1.ival = 10 ;
cout << u1.ival ;
cout << u1.dval ; incorrect value
 Union
u1.dval = 100.0 ;
cout << u1.ival ; incorrect value
Example 5
char c ;
int x ;
x = ‘a’ ;
cout << x ;
x = x * 256
cout << x ;
:
 Example 5
 x = x +’b’ ;
 cout << x ;
Example 5
Union iandc
{
char c [ 4 ] ;
int x ;
};
Today we studied

 Structures
 Unions