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    SDR Lec9

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    Б. Нандинбилэг
    This document discusses multipath fading in wireless channels. It describes how multipath occurs due to signals bouncing off objects, leading to multiple signal paths with different phases and attenuations. This causes fading effects over time as the constructive and destructive interference changes. The document then demonstrates how to simulate Rayleigh fading and discusses some techniques used to mitigate the impacts of multipath fading in modern communications.

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    SDR Lec9

    Uploaded by

    Б. Нандинбилэг
    13 views11 pages
    This document discusses multipath fading in wireless channels. It describes how multipath occurs due to signals bouncing off objects, leading to multiple signal paths with different phases and attenuations. This causes fading effects over time as the constructive and destructive interference changes. The document then demonstrates how to simulate Rayleigh fading and discusses some techniques used to mitigate the impacts of multipath fading in modern communications.

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    sdr_lec9

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    This document discusses multipath fading in wireless channels. It describes how multipath occurs due to signals bouncing off objects, leading to multiple signal paths with different phases and attenuations. This causes fading effects over time as the constructive and destructive interference changes. The document then demonstrates how to simulate Rayleigh fading and discusses some techniques used to mitigate the impacts of multipath fading in modern communications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    13 views11 pages

    SDR Lec9

    Uploaded by

    Б. Нандинбилэг
    This document discusses multipath fading in wireless channels. It describes how multipath occurs due to signals bouncing off objects, leading to multiple signal paths with different phases and attenuations. This causes fading effects over time as the constructive and destructive interference changes. The document then demonstrates how to simulate Rayleigh fading and discusses some techniques used to mitigate the impacts of multipath fading in modern communications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    ECEN435 Autumn 2023

    Lecture 8
    Multipath fading

    Software Defined Radio


    Adiyabat Enkhjargal
    Lecturer - School of Information Technology and
    Electronics
    Department of Electronics and Communication
    Engineering
    Outline
    • Multipath
    • Fading
    • Simulating Rayleigh fading
    • Mitigating Multipath Fading
    Multipath
    • All realistic wireless channels include many “reflectors”, given that RF
    signals bounce. Any object between or near the transmitter (Tx) or
    receiver (Rx) can cause additional paths the signal travels along.
    • Each path experiences a different phase shift and attentuation
    Transmitter
    Fading
    • We use the term “fading” when referring to the
    effects of multipath channel changing over time.
    That’s why we often refer to it as “multipath fading”
    • it’s really the combination of constructive/destructive
    interference and a changing environment.
    Fading
    • We use the term “fading” when referring to the effects of multipath
    channel changing over time. That’s why we often refer to it as
    “multipath fading”
    • it’s really the combination of constructive/destructive interference and a
    changing environment.
    • Changes usually on the order of miliseconds to microseconds, depending
    on how fast the Tx/Rx is moving
    Fading
    • There are two types of fading from a time domain perspective:
    • Slow Fading - The channel doesn’t change within one packet’s worth of
    data. That is, a deep null during slow fading will wipe out the whole
    packet.
    • Fast fading - The channel changes very quickly compared to the length of
    one packet. Forward error correction, combined with interleaving, can
    combat fast fading.

    • There are two types of fading from a Frequency domain perspective:


    • Frequency Selective Fading
    • Flat fading
    Fading
    Simulating Rayleigh Fading
    import numpy as np
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    # Simulation Params, feel free to tweak these
    v_mph = 60 # velocity of either TX or RX, in miles per hour
    center_freq = 200e6 # RF carrier frequency in Hz
    Fs = 1e5 # sample rate of simulation
    N = 100 # number of sinusoids to sum
    v = v_mph * 0.44704 # convert to m/s
    fd = v*center_freq/3e8 # max Doppler shift
    print("max Doppler shift:", fd)
    t = np.arange(0, 1, 1/Fs) # time vector. (start, stop, step)
    x = np.zeros(len(t))
    y = np.zeros(len(t))
    for i in range(N):
    alpha = (np.random.rand() - 0.5) * 2 * np.pi
    phi = (np.random.rand() - 0.5) * 2 * np.pi
    x = x + np.random.randn() * np.cos(2 * np.pi * fd * t * np.cos(alpha) + phi)
    y = y + np.random.randn() * np.sin(2 * np.pi * fd * t * np.cos(alpha) + phi)
    # z is the complex coefficient representing channel, you can think of this as a phase shift and magnitude scale
    z = (1/np.sqrt(N)) * (x + 1j*y) # this is what you would actually use when simulating the channel
    z_mag = np.abs(z) # take magnitude for the sake of plotting
    z_mag_dB = 10*np.log10(z_mag) # convert to dB
    # Plot fading over time
    plt.plot(t, z_mag_dB)
    plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 0], ':r') # 0 dB
    plt.legend(['Rayleigh Fading', 'No Fading'])
    plt.axis([0, 1, -15, 5])
    plt.show()
    Simulating Rayleigh Fading
    Mitigating Multipath Fading
    • In modern communications, we have developed ways to combat
    multipath fading.

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