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Alteration refers to any modification or changes made to an original document. There are several types of alterations including addition, deletion, obliteration, overwriting, and page substitution. Addition involves inserting extra strokes, characters, or pages. Deletion removes writings through erasures using mechanical or chemical means. Obliteration covers up writings to make them invisible. Overwriting involves writing on top of existing text. Page substitution replaces an existing page with a fraudulent new page. Methods like examining indentations, watermarks, and matching physical paper properties can help detect alterations like page substitutions in documents.

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47 views8 pages

Questioned Documents

Alteration refers to any modification or changes made to an original document. There are several types of alterations including addition, deletion, obliteration, overwriting, and page substitution. Addition involves inserting extra strokes, characters, or pages. Deletion removes writings through erasures using mechanical or chemical means. Obliteration covers up writings to make them invisible. Overwriting involves writing on top of existing text. Page substitution replaces an existing page with a fraudulent new page. Methods like examining indentations, watermarks, and matching physical paper properties can help detect alterations like page substitutions in documents.

Uploaded by

Samuels Josep
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO ALTERATION IN DOCUMENT

 Alteration refers to the form of any modification or changes induced in


the original document.
 The altered may include checks, wills, contracts, mark sheets,
attendance sheets, receipts and railways.
 The following are the types of alteration.
1. Addition
2. Deletion
3. Obliteration
4. Page substitution
5. Overwriting
1. ADDITION

 Refers to the inserting of additional of strokes, characters or even the


whole page in the original document.
 Example of documents which addition alteration mostly happen are
raised cheques, drafts and commercial paper.
 Also there are figures which can be alter like 1 to 7, 1 to 4, 3 to 8, 0 to 8
and by adding ‘ty’ to six, seven and eight.
2. DELETION

 This is an act of removing the writings from the writing surface by using
erasures.
 Types of erasures:
I. Mechanical erasures, refers to the removing the writings from the
writing surface with the help of rubber, sharp instruments like knife
rubber.
II. Chemical erasures, which refers to the chemical used to alter the dyes
in the ink so that they are no longer visible such as hypochlorite,
potassium permanganate and oxalic acid.
 Also the erasure can be deciphered under oblique light or UV light and
more advanced technique.
 VSC play the role in bringing out the obliterated writing and chemical
erasures forgery, security features on passport.
3. OBLITERATION

 Refer to the covering of the original writing / typewriting / printed matter


with some ink or any opaque material to make the writings invisible or
under deciphered.
 Example, correction fluid which can be deciphered under transmitted UV
and oblique lighting conditions.
4. OVERWRITING.

 Refers to the writing made on the top of pre-existing writings.


 The original writings can be deciphered under transmitted, oblique, UV
or sometimes IR lighting conditions.
5. PAGE SUBSTITUTION

 Is the removing the existing page from the document and replacing it
with new fraudently produced page.
 The forgery can be detected by examining the indentation marks,
watermarks on substitute page.
 Also physical matching of the paper sometimes yields desired results
CONCLUSION :- The most alteration happen in fraud cases in schools,
governmental reports and institutions , investigation of the questioned
document should apply alteration examination methods for detection of
different fraud issues.

THE END

Presented by:-
GLORY GENES TARIMO
NAOMI MOSES
BELRNA HOJA MAHANDE

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