This document discusses reference words and contextual clues in reading comprehension. It defines reference words as words or phrases used to replace other words to avoid repetition, and provides examples of different types of reference words including pronouns, relative pronouns, and nouns. It also defines contextual clues as hints found within a text that can help a reader understand the meaning of unfamiliar words. The document outlines five types of contextual clues: definition clues, example clues, synonym restatement clues, contrast clues, and inference clues. It provides examples for each type of contextual clue to illustrate how readers can use context to determine a word's meaning.
This document discusses reference words and contextual clues in reading comprehension. It defines reference words as words or phrases used to replace other words to avoid repetition, and provides examples of different types of reference words including pronouns, relative pronouns, and nouns. It also defines contextual clues as hints found within a text that can help a reader understand the meaning of unfamiliar words. The document outlines five types of contextual clues: definition clues, example clues, synonym restatement clues, contrast clues, and inference clues. It provides examples for each type of contextual clue to illustrate how readers can use context to determine a word's meaning.
This document discusses reference words and contextual clues in reading comprehension. It defines reference words as words or phrases used to replace other words to avoid repetition, and provides examples of different types of reference words including pronouns, relative pronouns, and nouns. It also defines contextual clues as hints found within a text that can help a reader understand the meaning of unfamiliar words. The document outlines five types of contextual clues: definition clues, example clues, synonym restatement clues, contrast clues, and inference clues. It provides examples for each type of contextual clue to illustrate how readers can use context to determine a word's meaning.
This document discusses reference words and contextual clues in reading comprehension. It defines reference words as words or phrases used to replace other words to avoid repetition, and provides examples of different types of reference words including pronouns, relative pronouns, and nouns. It also defines contextual clues as hints found within a text that can help a reader understand the meaning of unfamiliar words. The document outlines five types of contextual clues: definition clues, example clues, synonym restatement clues, contrast clues, and inference clues. It provides examples for each type of contextual clue to illustrate how readers can use context to determine a word's meaning.
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PBI10102
ENGLISH FOR COMMUNICATION I
READING: 3- REFERENCE WORDS 4- CONTEXTUAL CLUES 3. REFERENCE WORDS 2 WHAT ARE REFERENCE WORDS? Reference words are words or phrases used to replace other words or phrases to avoid repetition. Look at the example below
College students nowadays are required to bring
their tablet or laptop to class.
The word ‘their’ in the above sentence replaces the phrase college students, thus the word ‘their’ is a reference word. 3 TYPES OF REFERENCE WORDS? ANAPHORIC CATAPHORIC (BEFORE) (AFTER) Where a word/phrase refers Where a word/phrase BACK to another refers FORWARD to words/phrases used another EARLIER in the words/phrases used sentence LATER in the sentence
Example: Example:
When most people think of No matter whether it is large or
libraries, they think of small, traditional or modern, every books. family has a sense of what a family is. 4 SOME OF REFERENCE WORDS
This, That, These, Those, Here, There
1- SPECIFIC Example: WORDS My hometown is in the east of Malaysia. That place is rainy during monsoon season.
2- PRONOUNS I, Me, Mine, You, Yours, He etc
Example: Ahmad stays with his mother. He always helps her with house chores. 5 SOME OF REFERENCE WORDS
Which, Who, Whose, Where, Why, What
3- RELATIVE PRONUNS Example: Maria lost the watch which her fiancée bought for her.
4- REPEATED Likewise, Latter, Former
ACTION Example: WORDS Umar gave some of his pocket money to Red Cross, and you should likewise. 6 SOME OF REFERENCE WORDS
Some, few, etc
5- NOUN Example: OMISSIONS Octopuses are easily tamed and can be trained. Some will even pull your hand open to get at a tightly held.
7 4. CONTEXTUAL CLUES 8 WHAT ARE CONTEXTUAL CLUES? Contextual clues are hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader can use to understand the meanings of new or unfamiliar words.
Learning the meaning of a word through its use in a sentence or
paragraph is the most practical way to build vocabulary, since a dictionary is not always available when a reader encounters an unknown word.
9 DEFINITION / DESCRIPTION CLUE TYPES OF The new term may be formally defined, or sufficient CONTEXT explanation may be given within the sentence or in the UAL following sentence. Clues to definition include “that is,” commas, dashes, and parentheses. CLUES? Example: His emaciation, that is, his skeleton-like appearance, 1 was frightening to see. “Skeleton-like appearance” is the definition of “emaciation.”
http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~pkanchan/html/skim.htm TYPES OF EXAMPLE CLUES CONTEXT Sometimes when a reader finds a new word, an example might be found nearby that helps to explain its meaning. Words like UAL including, such as, and for example, point out example clues. CLUES? Example: Piscatorial creatures, such as flounder, salmon, and 2 trout, live in the coldest parts of the ocean. “Piscatorial” obviously refers to fish.
http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~pkanchan/html/skim.htm TYPES OF SYNONYM RESTATEMENT CLUE CONTEXT The reader may discover the meaning of an unknown word because it repeats an idea expressed in familiar words nearby. UAL Example: CLUES? Flooded with spotlights – the focus of all attention – the new Miss America began her year-long reign. She was the 3 cynosure of all eyes for the rest of the evening. “Cynosure” means “the focus of all attention.”
http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~pkanchan/html/skim.htm TYPES OF CONTRAST / ANTONYM CLUE CONTEXT Antonyms are words with opposite meanings. Words like UAL “although,” “however,” and “but” may signal contrast clues. Example: CLUES? When the light brightens, the pupils of the eyes contract; however, when it grows darker, they dilate. 4 “Dilate” means the opposite of “contract.”
http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~pkanchan/html/skim.htm TYPES OF INFERENCE CLUE Sufficient clues might be available for the careful reader to make an CONTEXT educated guess at the meaning. UAL Example: CLUES? She told her friend, “I’m through with blind dates forever. What a dull evening! I was bored every minute. The 5 conversation was absolutely vapid.”
“Vapid” means “uninteresting.”
http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~pkanchan/html/skim.htm THANK YOU ANY QUESTIONS?
