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CH 6 Transforming Data

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107 views12 pages

CH 6 Transforming Data

Uploaded by

zeina.samara213
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Accounting Information Systems

Fifteenth Edition, Global Edition

Chapter 6
Transforming Data

• Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Data Structuring
• Data structuring is the process of changing the
organization and relationships among data fields to
prepare the data for analysis.
• Extracted data often needs to be structured in a manner
that will enable analysis.

• Aggregate data is the presentation of data in a


summarized form.
• Data joining is the process of combining different data
sources.

• Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Figure 6.4 Examples of Different
Levels of Aggregating Data

• Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Data Standardization (1 of 3)
• Data standardization is the process of standardizing the
structure and meaning of each data element so it can be
analyzed and used in decision making.
– It is particularly important when merging data from
several sources.
– It may involve changing data to a common format, data
type, or coding scheme.

• Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Data Standardization (2 of 3)
• Data parsing involves separating data from a single field
into multiple fields.

• Data concatenation is the combining of data from two or


more fields into a single field.

• Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Figure 6.7 Data Parsing Example

• Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Figure 6.8 Data Concatenation Example

• Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Data Standardization (3 of 3)
• Cryptic data values are data items that have no meaning
without understanding a coding scheme.
– When a field contains only two different responses, typically
0 or 1, this field is called a dummy variable or dichotomous
variable.
• Misfielded data values are data values that are correctly
formatted but not listed in the correct field.
Country City Zip code
Berlin German ZL1340

• Data consistency is the principle that every value in a field


should be stored in the same way.
Date format: dd/mm/year 21/07/2023
08/11/2023
12/30/2023 ✘• Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.
Data Cleaning
• Data cleaning is the process of updating data to be
consistent, accurate, and complete.
– Dirty data is data that is inconsistent, inaccurate, or
incomplete.
– To be useful, dirty data must be cleaned.
• Data de-duplication is the process of analyzing data and
removing two or more records that contain identical
information.
• Data filtering is the process of removing records or fields
of information from a data source.

• Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Data Cleaning

• Data contradiction errors are errors that exist when the


same entity is described in two conflicting ways.
• Data threshold violations are data errors that occur when
a data value falls outside an allowable level.
• Violated attribute dependencies are errors that occur
when a secondary attribute in a row of data does not
match the primary attribute.
• Data entry errors are all types of errors that come from
inputting data incorrectly.

• Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Data Validation
Data validation is the process of analyzing data to make
certain the data has the properties of high-quality data:

• Visual inspection is the process of examining data using


human vision to see if there are problems.
• Basic statistical tests can be performed to validate the
data.
• Audit a sample is one of the best techniques for assuring
data quality.
• Advanced testing techniques are possible with a deeper
understanding of the content of data.

• Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.


Key Terms
• Data structuring • Data filtering
• Aggregate data • Data imputation
• Data pivoting • Data contradiction errors
• Data standardization • Data threshold violations
• Data parsing • Violated attribute dependencies
• Data concatenation • Data entry errors
• Cryptic data values • Data validation
• Dummy variable or • Visual inspection
dichotomous variable
• Misfielded data values
• Data consistency
• Dirty data
• Data cleaning
• Data de-duplication
• Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.

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