In the Lecture Series Introduction to Database Systems

Advanced SQL

Introduction to Database Systems

In the Lecture Series Introduction to Database Systems

Views

Presented by Stéphane Bressan

Introduction to Database Systems

Creating a View

Views are named queries.

CREATE VIEW cs_student

AS (SELECT email, name, year, graduate
FROM student
WHERE department ='CS');

Introduction to Database Systems

Querying a View

Views can be used as normal tables in queries.

SELECT *
FROM cs_student s, copy c
WHERE s.email = c.owner;

Introduction to Database Systems

Views

Changes in the base tables are propagated

Changes: insert, delete, or update

View

Table

Introduction to Database Systems

Views

Can we update the views?

Changes: insert, delete, or update

View

Sometimes YES,

?
sometimes NO
Table

Introduction to Database Systems

Updating a View

Under certain circumstances views can be updated.

INSERT INTO cs_student VALUES('GOH WEE SIONG',

'[email protected]', '2008-01-01', NULL);

"cannot insert NULL into student"

But not our cs_student view because the faculty and department cannot be
NULL (notice that the department at least should be understood)

Introduction to Database Systems

An Updatable View

CREATE VIEW student1

AS (SELECT email, name, year, faculty, department
FROM student);

INSERT INTO student1 VALUES('GOH WEE SIONG',

'[email protected]', '2008-01-01', 'School of
Computing', 'CS');

graduate is NULL in the table student.

Introduction to Database Systems

A Surely not Updatable View

CREATE VIEW total_student (total)

AS (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM student);

INSERT INTO total_student VALUES(100);

"data manipulation operation not legal on this view"

Introduction to Database Systems

Updating Views with Triggers

Views can be updated by triggers using INSTEAD OF.

Introduction to Database Systems

Views

• Logical Data Independence is achieved by

means of views
• Views can be pre-compiled
• However views may fool the optimizer

Introduction to Database Systems

In the Lecture Series Introduction to Database Systems

PL/SQL

Presented by Stéphane Bressan

Database technology and Management

Stored Procedures

• Similar to procedures in programming

languages
• Stored inside the database
• Can access database tables
• May contain SQL statements
• Additionally they support:
• LOOP
• IF-THEN-ELSE statement

Introduction to Database Systems

Creating a Procedure

A procedure has a name and a body.

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE test IS

BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Hello World');
END test;

Introduction to Database Systems

Cursors

Cursors are used to iterate over query results.

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE test2 IS

e student.email%TYPE;
CURSOR c IS SELECT email FROM student;
BEGIN
OPEN c;
LOOP
FETCH c INTO e;
EXIT WHEN c%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Email: '|| e);
END LOOP;
CLOSE c;
END;

Introduction to Database Systems

Control Structures

Cursors are used to iterate over query results.

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE test3 IS

e student.email%TYPE;
d student.department%TYPE;
CURSOR c IS SELECT email, department FROM student;
BEGIN
OPEN c;
LOOP
FETCH c INTO e, d;
EXIT WHEN c%NOTFOUND;
IF e='CS' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('CS Email: '|| e);
ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Email: '|| e);
END IF;
END LOOP;
CLOSE c;
END;

Introduction to Database Systems

Control Structures

Print the top ten results.

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE test4 IS

e student.email%TYPE;
i NUMBER := 1;
CURSOR c IS SELECT email FROM student;
BEGIN
OPEN c;
LOOP
FETCH c INTO e;
i := i+1;
EXIT WHEN (i>10 OR c%NOTFOUND);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Email '||i|| ': ' || e);
END LOOP;
CLOSE c;
END;

Introduction to Database Systems

In the Lecture Series Introduction to Database Systems

Triggers

Presented by Stéphane Bressan

Database technology and Management

Trigger

• Database Triggers refer to an active

mechanism that allows the programming
of reaction to database events.
• Insertion, deletion, update

• A database trigger takes the general form:

• ``When something happens and if some
condition is met do something’’

Introduction to Database Systems

Trigger (Example with Oracle)

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER say_something

BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON
student
FOR EACH ROW WHEN (new.department = ‘CS’ OR
old.department= ‘CS’)
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(‘Something happened to
us’);
END;

Introduction to Database Systems

Trigger (Applications)

• Implement more application logic into the

database (good idea!)
• Implement integrity constraint checking
(bad idea but no sometimes choice)
• Implement integrity constraint checking
and propagation (not the best of
theoretically possible ways idea but no
sometimes choice)

Introduction to Database Systems

Statement-level Trigger (Syntax)

CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER <name>

[BEFORE | AFTER]
[DELETE | INSERT | UPDATE [OF <column>[,
column]*]
ON <table>
[WHEN (<condition>)]
<PL/SQL block>

Introduction to Database Systems

Statement-level Trigger (Semantics)

• A statement trigger is fired once for the

triggering statement, regardless of the
number of rows affected and even if no
row is affected.
• For example, if a DELETE statement
deletes several rows from a table, a
statement-level DELETE trigger is fired
only once.

Introduction to Database Systems

Statement-level Trigger (Example)

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER say_something

BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON
student
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(‘Something happened to
us’);
END;

Introduction to Database Systems

Row-level Trigger (Syntax)

CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER <name>

[BEFORE | AFTER]
[DELETE | INSERT | UPDATE [OF <column>[,
column]*]
ON <table>
FOR EACH ROW
[REFERENCING OLD|NEW AS <name>]
[WHEN (<condition>)]
<PL/SQL block>

Introduction to Database Systems

Row-level Trigger (Semantics)

• A row trigger is fired each time the table is

for each row affected by the triggering
statement.
• If the triggering statement affects no rows
then nothing happens.
• For example, if a UPDATE statement
updates several rows from a table, a row-
level UPDATE trigger is fired for each
affected row.

Introduction to Database Systems

Row-level Trigger (Example)

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER say_something

BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON
student
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (new.department = ‘CS’ OR
old.department= ‘CS’)
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(‘Something happened to
us’);
END;

Introduction to Database Systems

Old/New in SQL Standard

• OLD and NEW reference the afftected

rows only not the rows in the new and old
table

• OLD ROW AS <name>

• NEW ROW AS <name>
• OLD TABLE AS <name>
• NEW TABLE AS <name>

Introduction to Database Systems

CASCADE DELETE

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER

cascade_delete_student_to_copy_and_loan
BEFORE DELETE
ON student
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
DELETE FROM loan WHERE
loan.owner=:old.email;
DELETE FROM copy WHERE
copy.owner=:old.email;
END

Why not so good?

Introduction to Database Systems
CASCADE DELETE

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER

cascade_delete_student_to_copy
BEFORE DELETE
ON student
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
DELETE FROM copy WHERE
copy.owner=:old.email;
END

Introduction to Database Systems

CASCADE DELETE

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER

cascade_delete_copy_to_loan
BEFORE DELETE
ON copy
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
DELETE FROM loan WHERE
copy.owner=:old.owner
AND copy.book=:old.book
AND copy.copy=:old.copy;
END

Introduction to Database Systems

CASCADE DELETE in SQL Standard

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER

cascade_delete_student_to_copy
BEFORE DELETE
ON student
REFERENCING OLD TABLE AS OT
BEGIN
DELETE FROM copy WHERE copy.owner in
(SELECT email FROM OT);
END

Introduction to Database Systems

Other Triggers

• Oracle allows other types of triggers:

• Schema triggers, monitoring modification to

the schema (ALTER, CREATE, DROP,
GRANT etc.)
• Database triggers, monitoring system events
(login, logoff, shutdown, etc.)
• INSTEAD OF triggers for views (to define the
update of a view)

Introduction to Database Systems

Schema Trigger (Example)

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER drop_student

BEFORE DROP ON my.SCHEMA
BEGIN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR (
• num => -20000, msg => 'Cannot!');
END;

Introduction to Database Systems

In the Lecture Series Introduction to Database Systems

Indexes

Presented by Stéphane Bressan

Database technology and Management

Indexes in Oracle

• An index is a data structure built and used

for fast access.
• Oracle creates B-tree indexes.

Introduction to Database Systems

No Index

CREATE TABLE book (

title VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
format CHAR(9),
pages INT,
language VARCHAR(32),
authors VARCHAR(255),
publisher VARCHAR(64),
year DATE,
ISBN10 CHAR(10),
ISBN13 CHAR(14)
);

Introduction to Database Systems

Query Plan

SELECT *
FROM book
WHERE ISBN13 = '978-1449389673'

SELECT STATEMENT
TABLE ACCESS BOOK FULL
 Filter Predicates
ISBN13='978-1449389673‘

The system performs a full table scan to find a row

Introduction to Database Systems

Primary Key

CREATE TABLE book (

title VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
format CHAR(9),
pages INT,
language VARCHAR(32),
authors VARCHAR(255),
publisher VARCHAR(64),
year DATE,
ISBN10 CHAR(10),
ISBN13 CHAR(14) PRIMARY KEY
);

Introduction to Database Systems

Primary Key

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "STEPH"."SYS_C007097" ON

"STEPH"."BOOK" ("ISBN13")
PCTFREE 10 INITRANS 2 MAXTRANS 255
STORAGE(INITIAL 65536 NEXT 1048576 MINEXTENTS 1
MAXEXTENTS 2147483645
PCTINCREASE 0 FREELISTS 1 FREELIST GROUPS 1 BUFFER_POOL
DEFAULT FLASH_CACHE DEFAULT CELL_FLASH_CACHE DEFAULT)
TABLESPACE "USERS" ;

The system has created an index and can use it to find a row given the ISBN13

Introduction to Database Systems

Query Plan

SELECT *
FROM book
WHERE ISBN13 = '978-1449389673'

SELECT STATEMENT
TABLE ACCESS BOOK BY INDEX ROWID
INDEX SYS_C007097 UNIQUE SCAN
 Access Predicates
ISBN13='978-1449389673'

Introduction to Database Systems

UNIQUE

CREATE TABLE book (

title VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
format CHAR(9),
pages INT,
language VARCHAR(32),
authors VARCHAR(255),
publisher VARCHAR(64),
year DATE,
ISBN10 CHAR(10) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
ISBN13 CHAR(14) PRIMARY KEY
);

Introduction to Database Systems

Query Plan

SELECT *
FROM book
WHERE ISBN10 = '1449389678'

SELECT STATEMENT
TABLE ACCESS BOOK BY INDEX ROWID
INDEX SYS_C007098 UNIQUE SCAN
 Access Predicates
ISBN13= '1449389678'

The system creates an index and uses it to find a row given the ISBN10

Introduction to Database Systems

Index on Attribute

We can create an index on frequently accessed attributes

CREATE INDEX student_name ON student(name);

The system has created an index and can use it to find a row given the name

Introduction to Database Systems

No Index on Attribute

SELECT
s.email
FROM student s
WHERE s.name LIKE 'G%';

SELECT STATEMENT
TABLE ACCESS STUDENT FULL
s Filter Predicates S.NAME LIKE 'G%'
!

Introduction to Database Systems

Index on Attribute

SELECT
s.email
FROM student s
WHERE s.name LIKE 'G%';

SELECT STATEMENT
TABLE ACCESS STUDENT BY INDEX ROWID
INDEX SUDENT_NAME RANGE SCAN
s Access Predicates S.NAME LIKE 'G%'
 Filter Predicates S.NAME LIKE 'G%'

Introduction to Database Systems

Index on Foreign Key

We can create an index on a foreign key

CREATE INDEX copy_owner ON copy(owner);

The system has created an index and can use it to find a row given the owner

Introduction to Database Systems

No Index on Foreign Key

SELECT s.email, COUNT(*)

FROM student s, copy c
WHERE
s.email=c.owner
GROUP BY s.email;

SELECT STATEMENT
HASH GROUP BY
TABLE ACCESS COPY FULL

There is no need to access student!

Introduction to Database Systems

Index on Foreign Key

SELECT s.email, COUNT(*)

FROM student s, copy c
WHERE
s.email=c.owner
GROUP BY s.email;

SELECT STATEMENT
HASH GROUP BY
INDEX COPY_OWNER FAST FULL SCAN

Introduction to Database Systems

No Index on Foreign Key

SELECT s.email, COUNT(*)

FROM student s RIGHT OUTER JOIN copy c ON s.email=c.owner
GROUP BY s.email;

SELECT STATEMENT
HASH GROUP BY
 NESTED LOOPS
TABLE ACCESS COPY FULL
INDEX SYS_C007126 UNIQUE SCAN
 Access Predicates S.EMAIL(+)=C.OWNER

Introduction to Database Systems

Index on Foreign Key

SELECT s.email, COUNT(*)

FROM student s RIGHT OUTER JOIN copy c ON s.email=c.owner
GROUP BY s.email;

SELECT STATEMENT
HASH GROUP BY
 NESTED LOOPS
INDEX COPY_OWNER FAST FULL SCAN
INDEX SYS_C007126 UNIQUE SCAN
 Access Predicates S.EMAIL(+)=C.OWNER

Introduction to Database Systems

No Index on Foreign Key

SELECT s.email, s.name, COUNT(*)

FROM student s, copy c
WHERE
s.email=c.owner
GROUP BY s.email, s.name;

SELECT STATEMENT
HASH GROUP BY
 HASH JOIN
 Access Predicates S.EMAIL=C.OWNER
TABLE ACCESS STUDENT FULL
TABLE ACCESS COPY FULL

Introduction to Database Systems

Index on Foreign Key

SELECT s.email, s.name COUNT(*)

FROM student s, copy c
WHERE
s.email=c.owner
GROUP BY s.email, s.name;

SELECT STATEMENT
HASH GROUP BY
 HASH JOIN
 Access Predicates S.EMAIL=C.OWNER
TABLE ACCESS STUDENT FULL
INDEX COPY_OWNER FAST FULL SCAN

Introduction to Database Systems

Composite Index

CREATE INDEX loan_owner_ISBN13_copy ON loan(owner, ISBN13,

copy);

The system has created a B-tree index and can use it to find a row given the
owner, ISBN13 and copy (the book)

Queries that access all three columns, only the owner column or only the owner
and ISBN13 columns can use this index.

Introduction to Database Systems

No Index on Foreign Key

SELECT s.email, COUNT(*)

FROM student s, loan l
WHERE s.email=l.owner
GROUP BY s.email;

SELECT STATEMENT
HASH GROUP BY
 NESTED LOOPS
TABLE ACCESS LOAN FULL
INDEX SYS_C007126 UNIQUE SCAN
 Access Predicates S.EMAIL=L.OWNER

Introduction to Database Systems

Index on Foreign Key

SELECT s.email, COUNT(*)

FROM student s, loan l
WHERE s.email=l.owner
GROUP BY s.email;

SELECT STATEMENT
HASH GROUP BY
 NESTED LOOPS
INDEX LOAN_OWNER_BOOK_COPY FAST FULL SCAN
INDEX SYS_C007126 UNIQUE SCAN
 Access Predicates S.EMAIL=L.OWNER

Introduction to Database Systems

 Credits

Clipart and media are licensed from Microsoft Office Online

Clipart and Media

Copyright © 2014 by Stéphane Bressan

Introduction to Database Systems

• KHACHHANG (MAKH, HOTEN, DCHI,
SODT, NGSINH, DOANHSO, NGDK)
NHANVIEN (MANV,HOTEN, NGVL,
SODT)
SANPHAM (MASP,TENSP, DVT,
NUOCSX, GIA)
HOADON (SOHD, NGHD, MAKH, MANV,
TRIGIA)
CTHD (SOHD,MASP,SL)

Introduction to Database Systems

Ràng buộc: Ngày mua hàng (NGHD) của một khách hàng thành viên sẽ lớn hơn
hoặc bằng ngày khách hàng đó đăng ký thành viên (NGDK).

• CREATE TRIGGER CHECK_NGAYNV --Tên Trigger

• ON HOADON
• FOR UPDATE,INSERT
• AS
• IF UPDATE(NGHD) --Kiểm tra việc cập nhật trên cột
• BEGIN
• DECLARE @NGHD SMALLDATETIME, @NGVL SMALLDATETIME
• SET @NGHD=(SELECT NGHD FROM INSERTED)
• SET @NGVL=(SELECT NGVL FROM NHANVIEN A,INSERTED B WHERE A.MANV=B.MANV)
• IF(@NGHD<@NGVL)
• BEGIN
• PRINT 'NGHD PHAI LON HON NGVL'
• ROLLBACK TRAN -- Câu lệnh quay lui khi thực hiện biến cố không thành công
• END
• END

Introduction to Database Systems