Scribd
Upload
45 views18 pages

Chapter 1 Slides

This document provides slides summarizing key concepts about distributed systems from the textbook "Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design" by Coulouris et al. It discusses common application domains for distributed systems like e-commerce, education, healthcare, and more. It also defines distributed systems and computer networks, and covers characteristics of distributed systems like concurrency, lack of a global clock, and independent failures. Examples of distributed systems are given and trends and challenges like heterogeneity, middleware, openness, security, scalability, and transparencies are outlined.

Uploaded by

sumipriyaa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
45 views18 pages

Chapter 1 Slides

This document provides slides summarizing key concepts about distributed systems from the textbook "Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design" by Coulouris et al. It discusses common application domains for distributed systems like e-commerce, education, healthcare, and more. It also defines distributed systems and computer networks, and covers characteristics of distributed systems like concurrency, lack of a global clock, and independent failures. Examples of distributed systems are given and trends and challenges like heterogeneity, middleware, openness, security, scalability, and transparencies are outlined.

Uploaded by

sumipriyaa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

Slides for Chapter 1

Characterization of Distributed Systems

From Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair


Distributed Systems:
Concepts and Design
Edition 5, © Addison-Wesley 2012
Figure 1.1 (see book for the full text)
Selected application domains and associated networked applications

Finance and commerce eCommerce e.g. Amazon and eBay, PayPal,


online banking and trading
The information society Web information and search engines, ebooks,
Wikipedia; social networking: Facebook and MySpace .
Creative industries and online gaming, music and film in the home, user-
entertainment generated content, e.g. YouTube, Flickr
Healthcare health informatics, on online patient records,
monitoring patients
Education e-learning, virtual learning environments;
distance learning
Transport and logistics GPS in route finding systems, map services:
Google Maps, Google Earth
Science The Grid as an enabling technology for
collaboration between scientists
Environmental management sensor technology to monitor earthquakes,
floods or tsunamis
2
Figure 1.2
An example financial trading system

3
Figure 1.3
A typical portion of the Internet

intranet ☎
☎
☎ ISP

backbone

satellite link

desktop computer:
server:
network link:
Figure 1.4
Portable and handheld devices in a distributed system
Figure 1.5
Cloud computing

6
Figure 1.6
Growth of the Internet (computers and web servers)

Date Computers Web servers Percentage

1993, July 1,776,000 130 0.008


1995, July 6,642,000 23,500 0.4
1997, July 19,540,000 1,203,096 6
1999, July 56,218,000 6,598,697 12
2001, July 125,888,197 31,299,592 25
2003, July ~200,000,000 42,298,371 21
2005, July 353,284,187 67,571,581 19
Computer Networks:
A computer network is an interconnected collection of
autonomous computers able to exchange information.

A computer network usually require users to explicitly login


onto one machine, explicitly submit jobs remotely,
explicitly move files/data around the network.

Distributed Systems:
The existence of multiple autonomous computers in a
computer network is transparent to the user.
The operating system automatically allocates jobs to
processors, moves files among various computers without
explicit user intervention.
8
Characteristics of Distributed System:
1. Data set can be split in to fragments and can be
distributed across different nodes within network.
2. Individual data fragments can be replicated and
allocated across different nodes.
3. Data at each site is under control of a DBMS.
4. DBMS at each site can handle local applications
autonomously.
5. Each DBMS site will participate in at least one global
application.
9
Distributed systems has the following significant consequences:

1. Concurrency:
2. No global clock:
• programs cooperate and coordinate their actions by
exchanging messages.
• Close coordination depends on a shared idea of the time may
limits the accuracy with which the computers in a
network can synchronize their clocks
• No single global notion of the correct time.
3.Independent failures:
Each component of the system can fail independently, leaving
the others still running.

10
Examples of Distributed Systems

Web search
Massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs)
Financial trading

Trends in distributed systems – leads to


• the emergence of pervasive networking technology;
• the emergence of ubiquitous computing coupled with
the desire to support user mobility in distributed
systems;
• the increasing demand for multimedia services;
• the view of distributed systems as a utility. 11
Challenges

1. Heterogeneity (that is, variety and difference)


applies to all of the following:
• networks;
• computer hardware;
• operating systems;
• programming languages;
• implementations by different developers.

12
2

Middleware • The term middleware applies to a


software layer that provides a
programming abstraction as well as masking the
heterogeneity of the underlying
networks, hardware, operating systems and
programming languages. The

13
3. Openness

The openness of a computer system is the characteristic that determines


whether the system can be extended and re implemented in various ways.
Open systems are characterized by the fact that their key interfaces are
published.
• Open distributed systems are based on the provision of a
uniform communication mechanism and published interfaces
for access to shared resources.
• Open distributed systems can be constructed from
heterogeneous hardware and software, possibly from different
vendors. But the conformance of each component to the
published standard must be carefully tested and verified if the
system is to work correctly.

14
Security

Denial of service attacks:


Security of mobile code:

Scalability
Controlling the cost of physical resources:
Controlling the performance loss:
Preventing software resources running out:

15
Transparencies

1. Access transparency: enables local and remote resources to be


accessed using identical operations.

2. Location transparency: enables resources to be accessed without


knowledge of their physical or network location (for example,
which building or IP address).

3. Concurrency transparency: enables several processes to operate


concurrently using shared resources without interference
between them.

4. Replication transparency: enables multiple instances of resources


to be used to increase reliability and performance without
knowledge of the replicas by users or application programmers.
6. Failure transparency: enables the concealment of faults,
allowing users and application
programs to complete their tasks despite the failure of
hardware or software components.
7. Mobility transparency: allows the movement of resources
and clients within a system without affecting the operation of
users or programs.
8. Performance transparency: allows the system to be
reconfigured to improve performance
as loads vary.
9. Scaling transparency: allows the system and applications to
expand in scale without change to the system structure or
the application algorithms.
17
Figure 1.7
Web servers and web browsers

Web servers Browsers

http://www.google.comlsearch?q=obama
www.google.com

www.cdk5.net Internet
http://www.cdk5.net/

www.w3c.org

File system of http://www.w3.org/standards/faq.html#conformance


www.w3c.org standards

faq.html

You might also like