Biomedical Digital Signal

Processing

BDSP-513
Lecture 5 – Z-transform

Dr. Mahbubunnabi Tamal

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Overview

› Definition of Z-transform

› Region of Convergence (ROC)

› Properties of Z-transform

› Inverse Z-transform

› https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJRW6jamUHk
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Z transform

› The z transform is an important digital signal processing tool

for describing and analyzing digital systems.

› The z transform in discrete-time systems play a similar role as

the Laplace transform in continuous-time systems.

› It also supports the techniques for digital filter design and

frequency analysis of digital signals.

› It takes a signal from the time domain to a frequency domain

called the z domain. 3
From DFT to Z-transform
Generalizing DFT Z-transform
Eigen function
Unit circle in the complex Add module r
space All the complex space
𝑗 Ω𝑛
𝑒 𝑧 =𝑟 𝑒
𝑗Ω
𝑛=+ ∞
𝑗Ω

∑ − 𝑗Ω 𝑛 𝑧=𝑒 (𝑟 =1) 𝑛=+ ∞

𝑋 ( Ω )= 𝑥[𝑛]𝑒
𝑛=−∞
𝑋 ( 𝑧 )= ∑ 𝑥 [𝑛]𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞

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Z transform
› The z transform for a causal sequence (one-sided) is defined as:

+ + +…

where is the complex variable. 5

Region of Convergence (ROC)

› The z transform for every signal has an associated Region of Convergence (ROC),

the region of the z domain for which the transform exists.

› Since the z-transform is an infinite series, it exists only for those values of z for

which this series converges.

› All the values of z that make the summation exist form a Region of Convergence

(ROC) in the z-transform domain.

› While all other values of z outside the ROC will cause the summation to diverge.

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Z TRANSFORM TABLE

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Example
Determine the z-transform of the following signals.

a)

solution

ROC: entier 𝑧 plane

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Example
b)

Solution

+…

› This is a geometric series of the form With initial term a equal to 1

and multiplier r equal to z-1.

› The sum of infinite geometric series is

› So ROC: 9
Example
Determine the z-transform of the following signals.

Solution

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Example
Determine the z-transform of the following signals.

Solution

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Properties of z-transform
Time Shifting/Shift Theorem

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Properties of z-transform
Time Shifting/Shift Theorem

› A one-sample delay in the time domain appears in the z domain as a

z-1 factor. That is,

More generally,
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Example
Determine the z-transform of the following signals.

Solution

ROC:

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 Example
Time Shifting/Shift Theorem
Find the z-transform of the signal x[n] defined by

Solution

Applying the time shifting property of the z-transform, we have

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Properties of Z-transform

Linearity

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Example
Linearity

Solution
Applying the linearity of the z-transform, we have

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 Example
Linearity

Solution
Applying the linearity of the z-transform, we have

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 Example
Linearity

Find the z-transform of the signal x[n] defined by

Solution

Applying the linearity of the z-transform, we have

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Example
Find the z transform of the signal x[n] depicted in the figure.

Solution
The signal x[n] is described as:
x[n] = 2δ[n] + δ[n-1] + 0.5δ[n-2]

The z transform of the signal is

›
 Example
Problem:
Find the z-transform for each of the following sequences:
a. b.
Solution:
a. From line 9 in the Table:

b. From line 14 in the Table:

Convolution

Convolution in time domain is equal to the multiplication

in frequency domain and vice versa.

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Properties of z-transform
Convolution
Proof:

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Example
Convolution
Consider the two sequences

• Find the Z transform of convolution

• Determine the convolution sum using the z-transform.

Solution

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Properties of z-transform

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Inverse Z Transform

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Inverse Z Transform

› To convert a function in the z domain into a function in the time domain requires

an inverse z transform.

› This conversion is necessary, for example, to find the time domain functions like

– x[n] that correspond to the z transforms X(z)

– y[n] that correspond to the z transforms Y(z)

– h[n] impulse response from a transfer function H(z) 27

Inverse Z Transform
There are several ways of finding inverse z transforms:

1- Inspection method using Z Transform Tables

2- Long Division (Synthetic Division or Power Series Expansion)

3- Partial Fraction Expansion

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Inspection Method using Z Transform Tables
Find the x[n] that corresponds to the z transform

Solution
Using z transform table, the inverse z transform is

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Inspection Method using Z Transform Tables
Find the inverse z transform of the function

Using z transform table, the inverse z transform is

Long Division Method
Using long division method, determine the inverse z-transform of

H(z) = 1 – 0.5z-1 - 0.6z-2 + 0.64z-3 + …

The inverse Z transform is h[n] = δ[n] – 0.5δ[n-1] – 0.6δ[n-2] + 0.64δ[n-3] + … 31

Long Division Method
Using long division method, determine the inverse z-transform of

X(z) = 5z-2 – z-3 + 0.2z-4 – 0.04z-5 +

…
The inverse Z transform is x[n] = 5δ[n-2] – δ[n-3] + 0.2δ[n-4] – 0.04 δ[n-5] + … 32
Long Division Method
Using long division method, determine the inverse z-transform of

Solution: First arranged in descending powers of Z

then dividing the numerator of 𝑋(𝑧) by its denominator we obtain

power series
Long Division Method

The inverse Z transform is x[n] = δ[n+2] + 3δ[n] + δ[n] + δ[n-2] + δ[n-3] + δ[n-4] 34+ …
Long Division Method
Using long division method, determine the inverse z-transform of

Solution: By dividing the numerator of 𝑋(𝑧) by its denominator we obtain

power series

Using z-transform table

or 35
Inverse z-Transform: Using Partial Fraction

𝑘 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚 𝑡𝑜 1

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Partial Fraction Method
Using partial fraction method, find the inverse z-transform of the signal

Solution
• The denominator of X(z) can be factored to give

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X ( z )= 𝐴( 𝑧 +0.2)
+
𝐵𝑧
𝑧 ( 𝑧 +0.2) 𝑧 ( 𝑧 + 0.2) 𝑧 ( 𝑧 + 0.2)
• The partial fraction expansion is
𝐴 ( 𝑧 +0.2 ) =5|𝑧=− 0.2

› Thus, the final inverse transform is

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X[n] = 25δ[n-1] – 25
Partial Fraction Method
Using partial fraction method find the inverse z-
transform of the signal

Solution
• Eliminating the negative power of 𝑧 by multiplying the numerator and
denominator by 𝑧2 yields

• Dividing both sides by 𝑧 leads to

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Partial Fraction Method
› Again, we write

• where A and B are constants found as

Partial Fraction Method
• Thus

• Multiplying 𝑧 on both sides gives

• From table of z-transform pairs

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Partial Fraction Method
Using partial fraction method find the inverse z-transform of the signal

Solution
› Dividing both sides by 𝑧 leads to

› Using partial fraction method

› Multiplying 𝑧 on both sides gives

› From table of z-transform pairs 41

Inverse z-Transform: Using Partial Fraction
Problem: Find if

Solution:
Dividing Y(z) by z,

Applying the partial fraction expansion,

We first find B:

Next find A:

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 Using the polar form,

Now we have:

Therefore, the inverse z-transform is:

from Line 15 in Table

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 Partial Fraction Expansion Using MATLAB
Problem: Find the partial expansion of

Solution: (𝑐 0 +𝑐 1 𝑧
−1
+𝑐 2 𝑧
−2
)

The denominator polynomial [ 𝑐0𝑐1𝑐2]

can be found using MATLAB:

Therefore,

and
MATLAB performs the
partial fraction expansion

The solution is:

residues poles direct term 44
 Partial Fraction Expansion Using MATLAB
Problem: Find the partial expansion of

Solution:

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 Partial Fraction Expansion Using MATLAB
Problem: Find the partial expansion of

Solution:

Then

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