TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

404130
ELECTRIC MACHINE AND
EQUIPEMNT
CHAPTER 2:
ELECTRIC MOTORS

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 2.3: INDUCTION MOTORS
2.3.1. Overview
2.3.2. Rotating magnetic field
2.3.3. Induction motor equivalent circuit
2.3.4. Analysis of the equivalent circuit
2.3.5. Torque and power by use of Thevenin's
theorem
2.3.6. Starting induction motors

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 OBJECTIVES
 Know and remember the construction,
working principle applications and starting
of induction motors.
 Understand the equivalent circuit, power
flow.
 Apply to calculate the currents, voltages,
energy efficiency and torques, and
determine of motor parameters.
 Analysis operational characteristics.
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 2.3.1. OVERVIEW

Introduction
 Induction machine is an AC rotation electric
machines, it’ working is based on the principle of
electromagnetic induction.
 Rotors speed  rotation magnetic field speed
nnr r  nnss== synchronous nr < ns : working as motor
synchronousspeed
speed nr > ns : working as generator

 Induction motors (IM) are used worldwide in

many residential, commercial, industrial, and
utility applications.
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 2.3.1. OVERVIEW

 Advantages:
 Simple design
 Inexpensive
 High power to weight ratio
 Easy to maintain
 Disadvantages:
 Not easy to have variable speed control
 Requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive for
optimal speed control

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 2.3.1. OVERVIEW

Construction
Terminals
ä box
Statorùcore

Stator winding
á ï
Cooling fan

ä
Motor Shaft
Rotor ùcore

Cover
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 3.1. OVERVIEW

Construction
 An IM has two main parts
 Stator:
• Stator Core:

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 3.1. OVERVIEW

Construction
 An IM has two main parts
 Stator:
• Stator windings :

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 3.1. OVERVIEW

Construction
 An IM has two main parts
 Rotor : There are basically 2 types of rotor construction
• Squirrel-cage rotor

Core Winding

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 3.1. OVERVIEW

Construction
 An IM has two main parts
 Rotor : There are basically 2 types of rotor construction
• Wound-rotor

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 2.3.2. ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
How the rotating magnetic field is
produced?
 When a 3-phase stator winding is connected to a
3-phase voltage supply, 3-phase current will flow in
the windings, which also will induced 3 phase flux in
the stator.

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 2.3.2. ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
How the rotating magnetic field is
produced?

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 2.3.2. ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
How the rotating magnetic field is
produced?
 Speed of rotating flux = Synchronous speed

120
120..ff p = is the number of poles
nnss  (r.p.m)
f = the frequency of supply
pp
 The rotating flux magnitude is constant :

 ((33//22).).max
 max
max is the individual magnitude
phase flux

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 2.3.2. ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
Principle operation of IM
 The rotating magnetic field cuts
the rotor windings and produces
an induced voltage in the rotor
windings.
 The rotor windings are short
circuited and induced current
flows in the rotor windings.
 The rotor current interacts with the flux Φ,
producing torque. The rotor rotates in the direction
of the rotating flux.
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 2.3.2. ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
Principle operation of IM

Can the IM run at the

synchronous speed ? Why?

 The slip speed nsl= ns - nr

 The % slip:
n s  nr  s   r n  n (1  s ) n [rpm - revolutions
s  or r s
per minute]
ns s r  s (1  s )  [rad/s]
 If rotor run as synchronous speed nr = ns s = 0
 If rotor is stationary nr = 0  s = 1
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 2.3.2. ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
The electrical frequency on the rotor
 An IM is similar to a rotating transformer where the
primary is similar to the stator and the secondary would
be a rotor
 Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding
of the IM), the induced voltage in it does not have the
same frequency of the stator (the primary) voltage
 Rotor frequency :

ffRR  ss..ff

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 2.3.3. INDUCTION-MOTOR
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
The IM is similar to the transformer with
the exception that its secondary windings are
free to rotate.

f fR

The transformer model or an induction motor, with rotor and stator

connected by an ideal transformer of turns ratio aeff.

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 2.3.3. INDUCTION-MOTOR
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
The rotor equivalent circuit
ffRR  ss..ff
EERR  ss..EERR00
XXRR RR..LLRR  22..ffRR..LLRR
 22.(.(ss..ff ).).LLRR  ss..XXRR00
ER0 - the largest value of the rotor’s induced voltage
obtained at s=1(locked rotor)
XR0 - is the rotor reactance at the supply frequency
(at blocked rotor)
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 2.3.3. INDUCTION-MOTOR
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
The rotor equivalent circuit

E
E s.
s.E
E E
E
IIRR  RR  R 0
R0  RR00
RRRR  jXjXRR RRRR  jjsX
sXRR00 RRRR  jX
 s   jXRR00
 s 
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 2.3.3. INDUCTION-MOTOR
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
The equivalent circuit of IM
 Now we can combine the stator and rotor circuits
in one equivalent circuit
Air gap X 2  aeff
2
. X R0
R2  aeff
2
. RR
IR
I2 
aeff
E2  aeff . E R 0
NS
aeff 
NR
Single-phase equivalent circuit for a IM motor.

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 2.3.3. INDUCTION-MOTOR
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
The equivalent circuit of IM
 IEEE recommended equivalent circuit

R2 1 s 
 R2  R2  
s  s 

Note: Rc is omitted. The

core loss is lumped with
the rotational loss.

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 2.3.3. INDUCTION-MOTOR
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
How to read a motor name plate

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 2.3.3. INDUCTION-MOTOR
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

Rated power (HP; W) :

The output mechanical power at full load
(HP : horse power – 1HP=746W)
Rated power = Torque x Rotor speed
Prated = Trated. R-rated P[W]; T[N.m]; [rad/s]
 Rated voltage (V) :
The specific voltage level are designed to yield optimal
performance.
Vrated = VL-L : line voltage

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 2.3.3. INDUCTION-MOTOR
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Rated Current or Full Load Amp Rating (FLA)
The current motor will consume at 100% of rated load
and at rated and balanced voltage.
 Rated frequency: frated
 RPM (Speed)
The shaft speed (rotor speed) in revolution/minute at
rated load and rated voltage and frequency.
 Power factor (P.F)
 Efficiency

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 2.3.4. ANALYSIS OF THE
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Power Flow Pin  3.U L I L cos 
Where:
• Pin - Power in PSCL  3. I12 .R1
• PSCL - Stator copper loss Pcore
• Pcore- Core loss PAG  3I 22 ( R2 / s )
• PAG - Air gap power transferred
from stator to rotor PRCL  3. I 2
2 . R2

• PRCL - Rotor copper loss  PAG .s

1 s 
• Pmech - Mechanical power Pmech  3I 2 R2 
2

developed by the motor  s 
• Pf&w - Friction and windage loss  PAG (1  s )
• Pout - Mechanical power out =
load power = Pload Pf  w
24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 2: Electric motors Pout 25
 2.3.4. ANALYSIS OF THE
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Torque
 The electromechanical Tmech corresponding to the
power Pmech

PPmech P
P 3
3 ..II
22
.
.R
R //ss
TTmech 
mech 
mech 
 AG 
AG

22 22
rr ss ss
 The Shaft Torque
PPout PPmech PPf fww
TTshaft 
 T
T 
 out 
 mech TTconv  T rotational
conv  Trotational
shaft Load
Load
rr rr

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 2.3.5. TORQUE AND POWER BY
USE OF THEVENIN'S THEOREM
IM equivalent circuits expressed by
Thevenin's theorem:

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 2.3.5. TORQUE AND POWER BY
USE OF THEVENIN'S THEOREM

ER0 
jX
jXmm
VVTH 
 V
V
11
TH
RR11  jX jX11  jX
jXmm
XXmm
VVTH
TH
 VV11
RR1212 ((XX11 XXmm))22

((RR11 jX
jX 11).
). jX
jXmm
ZZTH 
TH 
((RR11  jX
jX11)) jX jXmm
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 2.3.5. TORQUE AND POWER BY
USE OF THEVENIN'S THEOREM

ER0 
 Since XM>>X1 and XM>>R1

 XXm 
VVTH 
 V
V1 
1
m 

 XX11  XXmm 
TH

 Because XM>>X1 and XM+X1>>R1

2
 Xm 
RTH  R1  
 X1  X m 
X TH  X 1

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 2.3.5. TORQUE AND POWER BY
USE OF THEVENIN'S THEOREM

ER0 
The Torque-speed characteristic:
From : VTH
I2  2
 R2 
R
 TH     X TH  X 2 2

 s 
and:
Pmech PAG 3. I 22 .R2 / s 
Tmech   
r s s

33.V
.V
22
..RR22 //ss
Thus: TTmech 
 
TH
TH
mech

ss RRTH  
TH  ( R22 / s )    XTH
 ( R / s )  X TH  XX22 
22
22

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 2.3.5. TORQUE AND POWER BY
USE OF THEVENIN'S THEOREM

ER0 
Typical torque-speed characteristics of induction motor
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 2.3.5. TORQUE AND POWER BY
USE OF THEVENIN'S THEOREM
The Torque-speed characteristic:
 Maximum Torque:

when: RR22
ssTTmax 
max  22
RRTH  ( X TH  XX22))
TH  ( XTH
22

22
then: 33VVTH
TTmax 

 
TH
max
22ss RRTH  RRTH
TH 
22
 ( X TH  XX22))
TH  ( XTH
22

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 2.3.5. TORQUE AND POWER BY
USE OF THEVENIN'S THEOREM
Stating Torque:

when : nr = 0  s = 1

then:
22
33.V
.V R
TH R22

 
TH
TTstart
start 
ss RRTH  R    X TH  XX22
TH  R22    XTH
22 22

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 2.3.5. TORQUE AND POWER BY
USE OF THEVENIN'S THEOREM
From here we can say:
 Torque is related to the square of the applied voltage
 Torque is also inversely proportional to the machine
impedances
 Slip during maximum torque is dependent upon rotor
resistance
 Torque is also independent to rotor resistance as
shown in the maximum torque equation.

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 2.3.5. TORQUE AND POWER BY
USE OF THEVENIN'S THEOREM
By adding more resistance to the machine
impedances, we can vary:
 Starting torque
 Max pull out speed

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 2.3.6. STARTING INDUCTION
MOTORS
Direct online starting (DOL)
 Small 3-phase IM can be started DOL, which
means that the rated supply is directly applied to
the motor.
 The starting current would be very large, usually
5 to 7 times the rated current.
 The starting torque is likely to be 1.5 to 2.5 times
the full load torque.
 DOL starter is generally used for motors that
are rated below 5kW

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 2.3.6. STARTING INDUCTION
MOTORS
3.7.1. Direct online starting (DOL)
 The starting current:
VV
IIStart 
Start( ) 

((RR11 RR22)) XX11  XX22
( ) 22
22

IIStart
Start((LL))
 The starting torque:
22
33.V
.V RR22

 
TH
TTStart
Start 
TH

ss RRTH  
TH  R22    XTH

 R  X TH  XX22 
22 22

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 2.3.6. STARTING INDUCTION
MOTORS
Indirect starting
 Starting Of Slip-Ring Motors:

 Rm

Rm

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 2.3.6. STARTING INDUCTION
MOTORS
Indirect starting
 Starting Of Squirrel Cage
Motors
 Using Primary Resistors
(or chokes)
- Input voltage decreases k times
- Starting current decreases k times
- Starting torque decreases k2 times.

IILLstart T
TStart
II''LLstart  start T '
T '
Stat 
 Start
22
start
kk Stat
kk
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 2.3.6. STARTING INDUCTION
MOTORS
Indirect starting
 Starting Of Squirrel Cage Motors
 Using an autotransformer (turn ratio: a)
- Input voltage was
reduced a times
- Starting current reduced
a2 times
- Starting torque reduced
a2 times.

IILLstart T
TStart
II''LLstart  2
start T '
T '
Start 
 Start
22
start
aa 2 Start
aa
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 2.3.6. STARTING INDUCTION
MOTORS
Indirect starting
b. Starting Of Squirrel Cage Motors
 Star-delta starting
- Used in the motors, which
are designed to run on delta
connected stator at rating.
- The input voltage decreases
3 times. So:

IILLstart TTStart
II''LLstart  start T
T ' '
Start 
 Start
start
33 Start
33

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 SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENT
 In this chapter, we have learnt:
 Construction and working principle of IM
 The equivalent circuit
 Power flow and torque
 Determination of parameters
 Starting
 Operational characteristic

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 SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENT
 ASSIGNMENT:
 Refer: [1]: 306-356; [2]: 251-276; [3]: 333-
334
 Home exercises:
[1]: 6.3(p.349); 6.13(352); 6.22(354)
[5]: 7.2(p.202); 7.23(p.206); 7.26(p.206)

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