Define :GROUP DYAMICS
Is the dynamics comes from the Greek word social process in which people interact face-to-face in small groups word meaning force; hence groups dynamics refers to the study of forces operating within a group
Define: GROUP
Two or more individuals interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives
Classification of GROUPS
TYPES OF GROUP
FORMAL INFORMAL
Public identity
Common Interest
Proximity
Goal to Achieve FRIENDSHIP
Define: FORMAL GROUP
Formal Group It is a group that is established by the organization and have a public identity and goal to achieve
Classification of FORMAL GROUP
FORMAL
Command or Task Force
Team
Command or Task Force
FORMAL GROUP
- Relatively temporary life
- Created to accomplish a short-term task and then be disbanded
- Meeting
Team
FORMAL GROUP
- People who regularly perform tasks together, as a part of their job assignments
Committees
FORMAL GROUP
Is a specific type of group meeting in which members in their group role have delegated the authority to handle the problem at hand.
The worker may even have greater influence on the committee's outcome as a result of differences in expertise, interest, or experience
Systems view of Effective Committees
Inputs
Processes
Leadership Roles
Outcomes
Leadership Roles
FORMAL GROUP
Size composition
Group Structures
Agenda
Group Structures
Feedback
FORMAL GROUP
Leadership Task Role - A type of a leadership role in groups - Its responsibility to help the group accomplish its objectives and stay on target Leadership Social Role - Another type of a leadership role in groups - Its responsibility to restore and maintain group relationships
Leadership Task Roles
FORMAL GROUP
Define a problem or goal
Request facts, ideas, or opinions
Clarify confused situation; give examples; provides structures
Provides facts, ideas, or opinions
Determine whether the agreement has been reached Check for consensus Test for ethicality
Summarize discussion
Leadership Social Roles
FORMAL GROUP
Support contributions of others; encourage by recognition
Sense the mood and help members become aware of it
Reduce the tension; admit an error
Facilitate participation
Evaluate group's effectiveness Deal with team stress
Informal Group
INFORMAL GROUP
A groups which emerges on the basis of common interests, proximity and friendships.
Informal Group
INFORMAL GROUP
Powerful influence on productivity and job satisfaction
INFORMAL GROUP
Network of Personal and Social Relations - Not established or required by the formal organization - Arising spontaneously as people associated with one another
INFORMAL GROUP
Emphasis:
People and their relationships
INFORMAL GROUP
Informal Leader (s)
This person emerges from within the group, often acquiring considerable informal power
The Informal Leader
INFORMAL GROUP
Help socialize new members into the organization
Called upon by the group to perform the more complex tasks to model and explain the key norms
- Play a dominant role in applying various forms and degrees of punishment to the individual to induce the desired behavior
Help build and sustain the group's cohesiveness
The Informal Leader
INFORMAL GROUP
Enjoy certain informal rewards and privileges
High esteem
Spared from a messy clean-up chore
Permitted by coworkers to choose a vacation time, first
Informal Leadership
INFORMAL GROUP
Form of Job Enrichment
- Variety in their workday - Feeling of greater significance
Increasing Personal Contacts Source of Recognition
- Being acknowledge for their skills and experiences - Avoiding the responsibilities of formal supervision
Agendas
AGENDA
Surface Agendas
A level of a meeting in which official task of the group
Hidden Agendas
The other level of a meeting in which involves members, private emotions and motives.
Brainstorming
BRAINSTORMING
Is a popular method for encouraging creative thinking in groups of about eight people.
Brainstorming
BRAINSTORMING
Generate as many ideas as possible
Be creative, free willing and imaginati ve
Build upon, extend, or, combine earlier ideas
Withhold criticism of others' ideas
Underlying Principles of Brainstorming
Electronic Brainstorming
BRAINSTORMING
Is in which the group members that sit at their personal computer terminalssometimes in scattered locations- and receive a question, an issue, or a request of establishing priorities.
Members sit at personal computer terminals and receive a question, an issue, or a request for establishing priorities
Type their own ideas
Ideas appear on their screens, available for response, editing, and input of judgment and votes
Underlying Principles of Brainstorming
Quantity Breed Quality
BRAINSTORMING
More ideas, eventually higher- quality ideas will be developed
Underlying Principles of Brainstorming
Deferred Judgment
BRAINSTORMING
Is which all ideas, even unusual and impractical ones, are encouraged without criticism or evaluation.
All ideas, even unusual and impractical ones, are encouraged without criticism
Ideas are recorded; evaluated for usefulness
Propose bold, unique ideas without worrying, about what others think of them
Nominal Group
NOMINAL GROUP
Members have minimal interaction prior to producing a decision
Nominal Group Technique
Individuals are brought together and presented with a problem
NOMINAL GROUP
Group decision is announced
Develop solutions independently
Members designated their preferences for the best alternative (secret ballot)
Ideas are shared with others in a structured format
Brief time is allotted for questions (clarifications purposes)
DELPHI DECISION GROUPS
Delphi Decision Groups
A panel of relevant people is chosen to address an issue
DELPHI DECISION GROUPS
Delphi Decision Groups
Series of questionnaires are distributed (no need to meet face-toface)
Responses are typically in writing
Asked to identify future problems, project market trends, or predict a future state of affairs
Replies are gathered, summarized, and fed back for review
Asked to make another decision on the basis of new information
DELPHI DECISION GROUPS
Success of the Delphi Decision Process
- Adequate time
- Participant expertise
- Communication Skills - Motivation of members
DELPHI DECISION GROUPS
Major Merits of the Delphi Decision Process
- Elimination of interpersonal problems - Efficient use of expert's time - Adequate time for reflection and analysis
- Diversity and quantity of ideas - Accuracy of predictions and forecast
DELPHI DECISION GROUPS
Delphi Decision methods
Problem
Proposal A Proposal B
Assumptions Underlying B
Assumptions Underlying A
A Pros and Cons Choice
B Pros and Cons
Compromise A & B
New Alternative
GROUP DECISIONS
Group Decision System
Uses computers, decision models, and technological advances to remove communication barriers, structure the decision process and generally direct the groups discussion
Potential Outcomes of Formal Group Processes Support for Decisions
GROUP DECISIONS
People who participate in decision making feel more strongly motivated to accept it and carry it out
Meetings, one of the best means available of committing people to carry out a course of actions
Group Decisions- Carry more weight with those who are not group members
Associates, subordinates, and superiors
Free from individual prejudice
Combination of viewpoints
Potential Outcomes of Formal Group Processes Quality of Decisions
GROUP DECISIONS
Effective Problem- Solving Tools
Have greater information available
Variety of experience
Capacity to examine suggestion s and reject the incorrect ones
Produce more and better quality of solutions
SOCIAL FACILITATION
Social facilitation
Group members often try harder to contribute on a task just because other people are around.
SOCIAL FACILITATION
Potential Outcomes of Formal Group Processes Individual Development
Some are more passive than others and may withhold their ideas
Having other people around, increases general level of arousal and awareness Social Facilitation- the presences of others which stimulates them to perform better
Benefit must through widespread and fairly even participation
Makes some people apprehensive about the likelihood of being appraised Presences of others' raises awareness of discrepancy between the actual and ideal self, stimulate to close the gap
Participation increases, developing new interactive skills
Consensus
Is a necessary prerequisite for effective group decisions.
CONSENSUS
Specific Ideas to Reach Consensus
Straw poll to identify where people stand
Create a subgroup Go around or fishbowl Pinpoint patterns of problems
CONSENSUS
Suggest a supermajority vote Withdraw controversial proposals
Facilitation
Is the process of helping a group attain resounding success, maximize its efficient use of time, and feel satisfied with its efforts
FACILITATION
FACILITATION
FACILITATION SKILLS
Resounding Success
Effective Facilitators
Separate idea getting to idea evaluations Generate multiple solutions to evaluate Avoid personal attacks
FACILITATION
Identify criteria for judging potential solutions
Piggyback on others' ideas
Attain balanced contributions
Effective Facilitators
Ask penetrating questions Focus the groups efforts
FACILITATION
Monitor the use of time
Record key conclusions Close the session in a positive note Listen with their eyes and ears
WEAKNESS OF COMMITTEES
Groupthink
Slowness and expensiveness
Meetingtendency of a tightlythat The tendency keep are sometimes Committeestypes minutesknit The alternative invest additional An of all to behavior and group to bring individual thinking in a resource in an apparently losing slow and waste way to get things sometimes appears costly hours proposition, influence thinking line with thedone groups by effort, money and time already invested.
Escalating Commitment Polarization
DEVILS ADVOCATE
Devils advocate
The person expected to question the ideas of others, probe of supporting facts, and challenge their logic.
Summary
Formal groups, which are established by the organization, Group dynamics is the process by which people interact include committees, groups. Such groups decision-making face-to-face in small task forces, and other may be informal groups. Formal formal groups may be used form of or formal, andgroups meetings are a widelytemporary or group activity; they can create quality decisions that are permanent. supported by the participants. Four structured approachesofcommonly used in group The complex system social relationships in an problem solving are of many small, informal groups. organization consists brainstorming, nominal groups, the Delphi technique, and dialectic inquiry. Promising These groups, which arise naturally from the interaction of developments are occurring in the areas of the informal people, are referred to collectively as group decision support systems. Weakness of have fall benefits, organization. Informal organizationsgroups major into five categories: slowness and expensiveness, groupthink, but they also lead to problems that management cannot polarization, escalating commitment, and divided easily ignore. Informal organizations are characterized by a responsibility. status system that produces informal leaders. Informal group norms are powerful influences on member behavior.
