INTRODUCTION

Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source
software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android is
developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance, though its most widely used
version is primarily developed by Google. It was unveiled in November 2007, with the first commercial
Android device, the HTC Dream, being launched in September 2008.

At its core, the operating system is known as Android Open Source Project (AOSP) and is free and open-
source software (FOSS) primarily licensed under the Apache License. However most devices run on the
proprietary Android version developed by Google, which ship with additional proprietary closed-source
software pre-installed, most notably Google Mobile Services (GMS) which includes core apps such as Google
Chrome, the digital distribution platform Google Play, and the associated Google Play Services development
platform. Firebase Cloud Messaging is used for push notifications. While AOSP is free, the "Android" name
and logo are trademarks of Google, which imposes standards to restrict the use of Android branding by
"uncertified" devices outside their ecosystem.
History
Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears,
and Chris White.Rubin described the Android project as having "tremendous potential in developing
smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences.The early intentions
of the company were to develop an advanced operating system for digital cameras, and this was the basis
of its pitch to investors in April 2004.The company then decided that the market for cameras was not
large enough for its goals, and five months later it had diverted its efforts and was pitching Android as a
handset operating system that would rival Symbian and Microsoft Windows Mobile.
In 2005, Rubin tried to negotiate deals with Samsung and HTC.Shortly afterwards, Google acquired the
company in July of that year for at least $50 million

Andy Rubin Rich Miner

 Android 1.0 :- September 23,2008
Android 1.1 :- February 9,2009
Android Cupcake :- April 27, 2009
Android Donut :- September 15, 2009

EVOLUTION Android Eclair :- October 27,2009

Android Froyo :- May 20,2010
Android Gingerbread :- December 6, 2010
OF Android Honeycomb:- February 22, 2011
Android Icecream Sandwich:- Oct 18, 2011

ANDROID
Android Jelly bean:- July 9, 2012
Android KitKat :- Oct 31, 2013
Android Lollipop :- November 4, 2014
Android Marshmallow :- October 2, 2015
Android Nougat:- Aug 22, 2016
Android Oreo:- Aug 21, 2017
Android Pie:- August 6, 2018
Android 10.0 :- September 3, 2019
Android 11:- September 8, 2020
Android 12:- October 4, 2021
Android 13:- August 15, 2022
Android 14:- Feburary 2023 (BETA 1)
Android versions 1.0 to 1.1:
The early days Android made its official public debut in 2008 with Android
1.0 — a release so ancient it didn't even have a cute codename.

Things were pretty basic back then, but the software did include a suite of
early Google apps like Gmail, Maps, Calendar, and YouTube, all of which
were integrated into the operating system — a stark contrast to the more
easily updatable standalone-app model employed today.

Android version 1.5: Cupcake

With early 2009's Android 1.5 Cupcake release, the tradition of Android version names
was born. Cupcake introduced numerous refinements to the Android interface,
including the first on-screen keyboard — something that'd be necessary as phones
moved away from the once-ubiquitous physical keyboard model.

Cupcake also brought about the framework for third-party app widgets, which would
quickly turn into one of Android's most distinguishing elements, and it provided the
platform's first-ever option for video recording.
Android version 1.6: Donut
Android 1.6, Donut, rolled into the world in the fall of 2009. Donut filled in some
important holes in Android's center, including the ability for the OS to operate on a
variety of different screen sizes and resolutions — a factor that'd be critical in the
years to come. It also added support for CDMA networks like Verizon, which would
play a key role in Android's imminent explosion.

Android versions 2.0 to 2.1: Eclair

Keeping up the breakneck release pace of Android's early years, Android 2.0, Eclair, emerged
just six weeks after Donut; its "point-one" update, also called Eclair, came out a couple
months later. The release's most transformative element was the addition of voice-guided
turn-by-turn navigation and real-time traffic info — something previously unheard of (and
still essentially unmatched) in the smartphone world. Navigation aside, Eclair brought live
wallpapers to Android as well as the platform's first speech-to-text function. And it made
waves for injecting the once-iOS-exclusive pinch-to-zoom capability into Android — a move
often seen as the spark that ignited Apple's long-lasting
Android version 2.2: Froyo
Froyo did deliver some important front-facing features, though, including the addition of the
now-standard dock at the bottom of the home screen as well as the first incarnation of Voice
Actions, which allowed you to perform basic functions like getting directions and making notes by
tapping an icon and then speaking a command. Notably, Froyo also brought support for Flash to
Android's web browser — an option that was significant both because of the widespread use of
Flash at the time and because of Apple's adamant stance against supporting it on its own mobile
devices. Apple would eventually win, of course, and Flash would become far less common. But
back when it was still everywhere, being able to access the full web without any black holes was
a genuine advantage only Android could offer.

Android version 2.3: Gingerbread

Android's first true visual identity started coming into focus with 2010's Gingerbread
release. Bright green had long been the color of Android's robot mascot, and with
Gingerbread, it became an integral part of the operating system's appearance. Black and
green seeped all over the UI as Android started its slow march toward distinctive design.
Android 3.0 to 3.2: Honeycomb
2011's Honeycomb period was a weird time for Android. Android 3.0 came into the world as
a tablet-only release to accompany the launch of the Motorola Xoom, and through the
subsequent 3.1 and 3.2 updates, it remained a tablet-exclusive (and closed-source) entity.
Under the guidance of newly arrived design chief Matias Duarte, Honeycomb introduced a
dramatically reimagined UI for Android. It had a space-like "holographic" design that traded
the platform's trademark green for blue and placed an emphasis on making the most of a
tablet's screen space. While the concept of a tablet-specific interface didn't last long, many
of Honeycomb's ideas laid the groundwork for the Android we know today. The software
was the first to use on-screen buttons for Android's main navigational commands; it marked
the beginning of the end for the permanent overflow-menu button; and it introduced the
concept of a card-like UI with its take on the Recent Apps list.

Android version 4.0: Ice Cream Sandwich

ICS dropped much of Honeycomb's "holographic" appearance but kept its use of blue as a
system-wide highlight. And it carried over core system elements like on-screen buttons and a
card-like appearance for app-switching. Android 4.0 also made swiping a more integral method
of getting around the operating system, with the then-revolutionary-feeling ability to swipe away
things like notifications and recent apps. And it started the slow process of bringing a
standardized design framework — known as "Holo" — all throughout the OS and into Android's
app ecosystem.
Android versions 4.1 to 4.3: Jelly Bean
Visuals aside, Jelly Bean brought about our first taste of Google Now — the spectacular
predictive-intelligence utility that's sadly since devolved into a glorified news feed. It gave
us expandable and interactive notifications, an expanded voice search system, and a more
advanced system for displaying search results in general, with a focus on card-based
results that attempted to answer questions directly.
Multiuser support also came into play, albeit on tablets only at this point, and an early
version of Android's Quick Settings panel made its first appearance. Jelly Bean ushered in
a heavily hyped system for placing widgets on your lock screen, too — one that, like so
many Android features over the years, quietly disappeared a couple years later.

Android version 4.4: KitKat

Late-2013's KitKat release marked the end of Android's dark era, as the blacks of
Gingerbread and the blues of Honeycomb finally made their way out of the operating
system. Lighter backgrounds and more neutral highlights took their places, with a
transparent status bar and white icons giving the OS a more contemporary appearance.
Android 4.4 also saw the first version of "OK, Google" support — but in KitKat, the
hands-free activation prompt worked only when your screen was already on and you
were either at your home screen or inside the Google app.
Android versions 5.0 and 5.1: Lollipop
The card-based concept that had been scattered throughout Android became a core UI
pattern — one that would guide the appearance of everything from notifications, which
now showed up on the lock screen for at-a-glance access, to the Recent Apps list, which
took on an unabashedly card-based appearance. Lollipop introduced a slew of new
features into Android, including truly hands-free voice control via the "OK, Google"
command, support for multiple users on phones and a priority mode for better
notification management. It changed so much, unfortunately, that it also introduced a
bunch of troubling bugs, many of which wouldn't be fully ironed out until the following
year's 5.1 release.

Android version 6.0: Marshmallow

In the grand scheme of things, 2015's Marshmallow was a fairly minor Android release
— one that seemed more like a 0.1-level update than anything deserving of a full
number bump. But it started the trend of Google releasing one major Android version
per year and that version always receiving its own whole number.
Marshmallow's most attention-grabbing element was a screen-search feature called
Now On Tap — something that, as I said at the time, had tons of potential that wasn't
fully tapped. Google never quite perfected the system and ended up quietly retiring its
brand and moving it out of the forefront the following year.
Android versions 7.0 and 7.1: Nougat
Google's 2016 Android Nougat releases provided Android with a native split-screen
mode, a new bundled-by-app system for organizing notifications, and a Data Saver
feature. Nougat added some smaller but still significant features, too, like an Alt-
Tab-like shortcut for snapping between apps. Perhaps most pivotal among Nougat's
enhancements, however, was the launch of the Google Assistant — which came
alongside the announcement of Google's first fully self-made phone, the Pixel,
about two months after Nougat's debut. The Assistant would go on to become a
critical component of Android and most other Google products and is arguably the
company's foremost effort today.

Android version 8.0 and 8.1: Oreo

Android Oreo added a variety of niceties to the platform, including a native
picture-in-picture mode, a notification snoozing option, and notification
channels that offer fine control over how apps can alert you. The 2017 release
also included some noteworthy elements that furthered Google's goal of
aligning Android and Chrome OS and improving the experience of using
Android apps on Chromebooks, and it was the first Android version to feature
Project Treble — an ambitious effort to create a modular base for Android's
code with the hope of making it easier for device-makers to provide timely
software updates.
Android version 9: Pie
The freshly baked scent of Android Pie, a.k.a. Android 9, wafted into the Android
ecosystem in August of 2018. Pie's most transformative change was its hybrid
gesture/button navigation system, which traded Android's traditional Back, Home, and
Overview keys for a large, multifunctional Home button and a small Back button that
appeared alongside it as needed. Pie included some noteworthy productivity features,
too, such as a universal suggested-reply system for messaging notifications, a new
dashboard of Digital Wellbeing controls, and more intelligent systems for power and
screen brightness management. And, of course, there was no shortage of smaller but
still-significant advancements hidden throughout Pie's filling, including a smarter way
to handle Wi-Fi hotspots, a welcome twist to Android's Battery Saver mode, and a
variety of privacy and security enhancements.
Android version 10
Google released Android 10 — the first Android version to shed its letter and be
known simply by a number, with no dessert-themed moniker attached — in
September of 2019. Most noticeably, the software brought about a totally
reimagined interface for Android gestures, this time doing away with the tappable
Back button altogether and relying on a completely swipe-driven approach to system
navigation. Android 10 packed plenty of other quietly important improvements,
including an updated permissions system with more granular control over location
data along with a new system-wide dark theme, a new distraction-limiting Focus
Mode, and a new on-demand live captioning system for any actively playing media.
Android version 11
Android 11, launched at the start of September 2020, was a pretty substantial Android
update both under the hood and on the surface. The version's most significant changes
revolve around privacy: The update built upon the expanded permissions system
introduced in Android 10 and added in the option to grant apps location, camera, and
microphone permissions only on a limited, single-use basis.
Android 11 also made it more difficult for apps to request the ability to detect your
location in the background, and it introduced a feature that automatically revokes
permissions from any apps you haven't opened lately. On the interface level, Android
11 included a refined approach to conversation-related notifications along with a new
streamlined media player, a new Notification History section, a native screen-recording
feature, and a system-level menu of connected-device controls.

Android version 12
Android 12 brings a (long overdue) renewed focus to Android's widget
system along with a host of important foundational enhancements in the
areas of performance, security, and privacy. The update provides more
powerful and accessible controls over how different apps are using your
data and how much information you allow apps to access, for instance, and
it includes a new isolated section of the operating system that allows A.I.
features to operate entirely on a device, without any potential for network
access or data exposure.
Android version 13
Android 13, launched in August 2022, is one of Google's strangest Android versions yet. The software is simultaneously
one of the most ambitious updates in Android history and one of the most subtle version changes to date. It's an unusual
duality, and it ultimately all comes down to what type of device you're using to experience the software.

On the former front, Android 13 introduces a whole new interface design for both tablets and foldable phones, with a
renewed focus on creating an exceptional large-screen experience in the operating system itself and within apps (as first
observed and reported by Computerworld in January). The enhancements in that area include a fresh framework and
series of guidelines for app optimizations along with a more capable split-screen mode for multitasking and a ChromeOS-
like desktop-style taskbar that makes it easy to access frequently used apps from anywhere. Beyond that, Android 13
appears to lay the groundwork for a whole new type of multipurpose product — one that could function as a stationary
Smart Display and then allow you to detach its screen and use it as a tablet. The software shows signs of supporting an
intriguing new series of shared-surface widgets and screensavers along with an expanded multiuser profile system for
that purpose. And while we haven't seen most of those elements in action yet, signs suggest Google's upcoming Pixel
Tablet could be the place where they'll all come together.
On regular phones, Android 13 is much less significant — and in fact, most people probably won't even notice its arrival.
Along with some minor visual refinements, the software introduces an expanded clipboard system that allows you to see
and edit text as it's copied, a native QR code scanning function within the Android Quick Settings area, and a smattering
of under-the-hood improvements connected to privacy, security, and performance.
Android 13 started rolling out to Google's current Pixel phones in August. If past Android upgrade trends are any
indication, it'll likely reach the first non-Google-made devices later this year and then continue rolling out slowly to more
phones and tablets as the months progress.
Android version 14
Android 14 took its first baby steps into the world in early February 2023, when Google announced the inaugural
developer preview of the software.

The company has slowly but surely been pushing forward on development of this latest Android version in the weeks
since. In total, we're expecting to see two developer preview releases and then four beta versions leading up to a final
Android 14 release sometime in the late summer or early fall months.

As is often the case, Android 14's earliest versions don't tell us too terribly much about what the update will ultimately
entail. Many of the changes we've seen so far are more under the hood and aimed at improving system performance
and privacy, as well as continuing the work from the previous Android version to create a more optimized experience for
anyone using a tablet or foldable phone.

That being said, Android 14 does already appear to include a handful of more noticeable surface-level enhancements —
such as a new system for creating visual alerts around incoming notifications and a long-under-development
improvement to make Android's side-swipe-in back gesture more intuitive to use.

Google's also testing a new feature in Android 14 that'd let you "clone" an app on your device and run two separate
versions of it simultaneously — which could be a handy way to use a service both with a personal account and with a
professional identity, even if the app itself doesn't explicitly support multiple profiles.

All of this is almost certainly the start, and we're bound to see more Android 14 elements coming into focus in the
months ahead as Google pulls back the curtains on this year's progress.
 THANK YOU
PRESENTED BY-
VISHWAJEET JADHAV
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SNEHAL JAGDALE
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