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Database Systems MIS

This document discusses database systems and their advantages over traditional file systems. It provides 3 key points: 1) A database is a collection of related data stored centrally to meet the information needs of multiple users, addressing issues with traditional file systems like data redundancy and inconsistency. 2) A database management system (DBMS) manages database access and use, providing advantages like data consistency, concurrent access, security and flexibility. 3) Database practitioners include data administrators who manage data resources, database administrators who manage the physical database, and users who access the database for their work.

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30 views22 pages

Database Systems MIS

This document discusses database systems and their advantages over traditional file systems. It provides 3 key points: 1) A database is a collection of related data stored centrally to meet the information needs of multiple users, addressing issues with traditional file systems like data redundancy and inconsistency. 2) A database management system (DBMS) manages database access and use, providing advantages like data consistency, concurrent access, security and flexibility. 3) Database practitioners include data administrators who manage data resources, database administrators who manage the physical database, and users who access the database for their work.

Uploaded by

Yonse Epic Stories
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lesson 10

Prepared by csiatala nipa

Database Systems
Introduction
A Database is a collection of interrelated data (files)
In a shared central repository designed to meet the
Informational needs of multiple users.
Historical Roots of Database
• First applications focused on clerical tasks in
many Departments.
• Needs and Requests for information quickly
Grew

• File systems were developed to address


information needs
- where Data was organized according to expected use
by computerizing manual file systems in respective
departments such as Accounts, Marketing etc.
• File System Data Management Problems

– Time consuming
– Made ad hoc queries impossible
– Led to islands of information of multiple
files in different departments.
•Lead to islands of information of multiple files in different departments and
Difficult to determine which file is up to Date.

•Lack of data sharing and availability

•Make ad hoc queries impossible and production of reports difficult and time
consuming
Problems with the Traditional File Environment

Data Redundancy and Inconsistency:

• Data redundancy: The presence of duplicate data


in multiple data files so that the same data are
stored in more than one place or location

• Data inconsistency: The same attribute may have


different values.
Problems with the Traditional File Environment

Program-data dependence:
• The coupling of data stored in files and the
specific programs required to update and
maintain those files such that changes in
programs require changes to the data
Lack of flexibility:
• A traditional file system can deliver routine
scheduled reports after extensive programming
efforts, but it cannot deliver ad-hoc reports or
respond to unanticipated information
requirements in a timely fashion.
Problems with the Traditional File Environment

Poor security:
• Because there is little control or management of data,
management will have no knowledge of who is
accessing or even making changes to the
organization’s data.
Lack of data sharing and availability:
• Information cannot flow freely across different
functional areas or different parts of the organization.
Users find different values of the same piece of
information in two different systems, and hence they
may not use these systems because they cannot trust
the accuracy of the data.
File systems vs. Database
approach
Database Approach
• Database consists of logically related data
stored in a single repository
• Provides advantages over file system
management approach
– Eliminates inconsistency, data anomalies, data
dependency, and structural dependency
problems
– Stores data structures, relationships, and access
paths
Database Approach Advantages

• Control of data redundancy (no duplicates)


• Data consistency (True picture- more accurate and reliable)
• Data-generated data (data dictionary - meaning)
• Concurrent access to data (Allows access by multiple users)
• Improved backup and recovery capabilities (copies and
restoration)
• Data integrity with constraints (only authorized updates)
• Security (protection and access policies)
• Flexibility and responsiveness to multiple needs (information
accessibility)
Database Approach Disadvantages

• Databases are more vulnerable than file-based


system because of the centralised nature of a
large integrated database.

• If a failure occurs the recovery process is


more complex and some times may results in
lost transactions.

• Hardware, software and personnel cost are


higher for Database systems.
Database Management System
(DBMS)
What is a DBMS?

A Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of


programs that enables users to Create and maintain the
database..

DBMS examples

E.g. Oracle, Access, SQL Server


Characteristics of a DBMS

Query processing and optimisation


Transaction management
Concurrency control
Database recovery
Database security and authorisation
DBMS Functions
– Security management
• enforces user security and data privacy within
database

– Multi-user access control


• creates structures that allow multiple users to
access the data

– Backup and recovery management


• provides backup and data recovery procedures
DBMS Functions
– Data integrity management
• promotes and enforces integrity rules to eliminate
data integrity problems

– Database access languages and application


programming interfaces
• provides data access through a query language

– Database communication interfaces


• allows database to accept end-user requests
within a computer network environment
Database users

Practitioners
– People responsible for the database
system and its associated application
software.
e.g. Database administrators, analysts,
programmers, database and system
designers, information systems managers.
There are three types of practitioners:

Data Administrator
Database Administrator
Users

Data Administrator (DA) and Database Administrator


(DBA) are responsible for managing and controlling
activities associated with corporate data and corporate
database, respectively.
Data Administrator

• Management of data resources including:

– database planning,
– development and maintenance of
standards, policies and procedures, and
conceptual and logical database design.
Database Administrator
• Management of physical realization of a database
application including:

– physical database design and


implementation,
– setting security and integrity controls,
– monitoring system performance, and
reorganizing the database.
Users

Who need information from the database to


carry out their primary business
responsibility

e.g. Executives, managers, staff, clerical


personnel
End

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