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Lecture 2 Solid Mechanics

- Stress is defined as the ratio of applied force to the original cross-sectional area. Strain is defined as the ratio of deformation to the original length. - Hooke's law states that stress is proportional to strain within the elastic limit. Young's modulus is the constant of proportionality between stress and strain. - Shear stress causes a change in shape but not volume of a body. Bulk modulus is a measure of how much a substance's volume changes with a change in pressure. - Ductility, malleability, toughness and hardness are material properties that influence a material's strength. Factor of safety is the ratio of ultimate tensile stress to permissible working stress.

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62 views25 pages

Lecture 2 Solid Mechanics

- Stress is defined as the ratio of applied force to the original cross-sectional area. Strain is defined as the ratio of deformation to the original length. - Hooke's law states that stress is proportional to strain within the elastic limit. Young's modulus is the constant of proportionality between stress and strain. - Shear stress causes a change in shape but not volume of a body. Bulk modulus is a measure of how much a substance's volume changes with a change in pressure. - Ductility, malleability, toughness and hardness are material properties that influence a material's strength. Factor of safety is the ratio of ultimate tensile stress to permissible working stress.

Uploaded by

Vijayaraghavan G
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SOLID MECHANICS

LECTURE 2
RECAP
• Why Solid Mechanics ?
• Importance/Scope
• Rigid Body – Deformable body
• Forces acting on solid body
• Stress – Types
• Strain - Types
TENSILE STRESS

COMPRESSIVE STRESS
Shear Stress
• Shear stress induced in a body when it is
subjected to two equal and opposite forces that
acts tangential to the area.

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• The strain produced due to the shear stress is
called shear strain.
• The shear stress is denoted by the symbol τ (tau).
It is a Greek letter.
• It is defined as ratio of shear resistance to the
shear area.
• The formula for the shear stress is given below.

Shear stress is responsible for the


change in the shape of the body. It does on affect the
volume of the body.
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Volumetric Strain
• The ratio of Change in volume of the body to
the original volume of the body is known as
volumetric strain.

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BULK MODULUS

• Here, dp is the change in pressure, dV is the change in volume,


and V is the initial volume. Actually, compressibility is termed
as the inverse of the bulk modulus. A material which is tough to
compress has a huge bulk modulus, but a lesser compressibility.
An element has a high compressibility but a low bulk modulus
when it is easy to compress.
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Properties of Materials
Some properties of materials which judge the strength
of materials are given below:
• Elasticity: Elasticity is the property by virtue of
which a material is deformed under the load and is
enabled to return to its original dimension when the
load is removed.
• Plasticity: Plasticity is the converse of elasticity. A
material in the plastic state is permanently
deformed by the application of load and it has no
tendency to recover. The characteristic of the
material by which it undergoes inelastic strains
beyond those at the elastic limit is known as
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plasticity.
• Ductility: Ductility is the characteristic which
permits a material to be drawn out
longitudinally to a reduced section, under the
action of a tensile force (large deformation).
• Brittleness: Brittleness implies the lack of
ductility. A material is said to be brittle when it
cannot be drawn out by tension to the smaller
section.

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• Malleability: Malleability is a property of a
material which permits the material to be
extended in all directions without rapture. A
malleable material possesses a high degree of
plasticity, but not necessarily great strength.
• Toughness: Toughness is the property of a
material which enables it to absorb energy
without fracture
• Hardness: Hardness is the ability of a material
to resist indentation or surface abrasion. The
Brinell hardness test is used to check the
hardness.
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Hooke's Law & Elastic Moduli
• Hooke's Law states that “when a material is
loaded within elastic limit, the stress is
proportional to the strain produced by the stress” .
• This means the ratio of the stress to the
corresponding strain is a constant within the
elastic limit.
• This constant is known as Modulus of Elasticity
or Modulus of Rigidity or Young's Modulus.

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Young's Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity
• The ratio of tensile stress or compressive stress
to the corresponding strain is a constant.
• This ratio is known as Young's Modulus of
elasticity and is denoted as E (Unit : N/m2)
(or)

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Modulus of Rigidity or Shear Modulus
• The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding
shear strain within the elastic limit is known as
modulus of rigidity. This is denoted by C or G
or N. (Unit : N/m2)

C =

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Factor of Safety
• It is defined as the ratio of ultimate tensile
stress to the working stress (permissible
stress).
Mathematically,
Factor of Safety =

No Unit

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Deformation of a Body due to Force acting on it :

• Consider a body subjected to a tensile stress.


We know that,
Stress,σ = = ------- (1)
Strain, ϵ = = ------- (2)
From Hooke's Law, ---------(3)
Substitute the value of σ and ϵ in the equation 3,

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• Eqn 3 becomes,
E = = or ϵ = ----(4)
Combining eqn (2) and (4), we get,
= or ΔL =

Change in length = ΔL = --- (5)

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SUMMARY
• Stress,σ = = =
• Strain, ϵ = = = NO UNIT
• Young's Modulus, =
• Area of a rod (CSA) = = m2 or mm2
• Area of hollow Cylinder,A= – d2] , m2 or mm2
D – Outer diameter, d = Inner diameter

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Factor of Safety =

• Bulk modulus, K =
• 1 Pascal = 1
• 1 KPa = 1 x 103 Pa = 1 x 103
= 1 x 103 = 1 x 10-3

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Problem 1
• A rod 150cm long and of diameter 2cm is
subjected to an axial pull of 20KN, if the
modulus of elasticity of the material is 2 x 10-5
N/mm2.
Determine (i) Stress
(ii) Strain
(iii) Elongation of the rod.

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Given Data : Length, L= 150 cm = 1500mm
Diameter, D = 2 cm = 20mm
Load, P = 20 KN
Modulus of Elasticity, E = 2 x 10-5 N/mm2.
Solution :
(i) Stress,σ = = =
Calculate Area, A= = = 314 mm2
σ = = = 63.69 Answer (i)

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(ii) Strain, ϵ = =
But WKT , So
2 x 10-5 N/mm2 =
Or = = 3.18 x 10-4

ϵ = 0.000318 Answer (ii)

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• (iii) Strain, ϵ = , = Strain x L
= 3.18 x 10-4 x 1500
= 0.477 mm

• RESULT
(i) Stress,σ = 63.69
(ii) Strain, ϵ = 0.000318
(iii) Change in length = 0.477 mm

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Problem 2
Find the minimum diameter of steel wire, which
is used to rise a load of 4000N, if the stress is not
to exceed 95 MN/m2 in the rod.
Given : Load = P = 4000N
Stress = σ = 95 MN/m2
To calculate : d

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Solution : σ = = 95 MN/m2 = 4000/
95 x 106 x 10-3N/m2 = 4000/
= 4000/95 x 106 x 10-3 x
d = 7.32 mm
RESULT :
The minimum diameter of steel wire, d =7.32 mm

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Thank You

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