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Quad Tree

A quad tree is a hierarchical data structure that partitions 2D space into recursive quadrants represented by nodes, allowing for efficient spatial indexing and search operations. Nodes with few entities may merge to optimize memory usage and speed up queries. Quad trees are useful for applications like image processing, collision detection, and geographic information systems by facilitating fast retrieval of individual data points or small regions. They provide a space-efficient way to store and organize sparse 2D data.

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Rishabh Thakur
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203 views9 pages

Quad Tree

A quad tree is a hierarchical data structure that partitions 2D space into recursive quadrants represented by nodes, allowing for efficient spatial indexing and search operations. Nodes with few entities may merge to optimize memory usage and speed up queries. Quad trees are useful for applications like image processing, collision detection, and geographic information systems by facilitating fast retrieval of individual data points or small regions. They provide a space-efficient way to store and organize sparse 2D data.

Uploaded by

Rishabh Thakur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Discovering Quad Tree

Submitted by: Rishabh Thakur


Admission number:21SCSE1010422
Submitted to: Miss. MISS. SHIVANI GOSWAMI
Discovering Quad Tree
Quad Tree is a hierarchical data structure that helps in spatial partitioning of 2D
space. This hierarchical structure allows efficient spatial indexing, aiding
applications such as collision detection in computer graphics or optimizing
search operations in geographic information systems. Nodes with fewer
entities may merge, optimizing memory usage, and facilitating faster queries
for objects within specific regions of the space.Its properties make it an ideal
choice for various applications ranging from image processing to physical
simulations. Join me as we explore how Quad Trees work.
What is a Quad Tree?
Organized Space Recursive

At its core, a quad tree is a way of dividing space The structure is recursive, meaning each node
into smaller and smaller sections, creating a can be divided into four quadrants which may
tree-like structure with each section themselves be divided into four, and so on.
represented by a node.

Space Efficiency Multidimensional

One major advantage of quad trees is that they Quad trees can be extended for use in data with
can efficiently store sparse data, allowing for more than two dimensions, such as 3D space or
quick retrieval of individual points or small time-series data.
regions of a map.
The Building Blocks of a Quad Tree
1 Root Nodes
The root node in a Quad Tree divides
the entire 2D space into four
quadrants. Subsequent internal nodes
refine this division recursively, forming
a hierarchical structure. This flexible
Internal Nodes
These nodes divide the 2D space into four
2 and scalable organization optimizes
sections known as quadrants. Each quadrant tasks like spatial indexing, collision
corresponds to a child node of the internal detection etc.
node. This recursive subdivision continues,
creating a hierarchical structure. Internal Leaf nodes
nodes store information about the spatial
3 Leaf nodes in a Quad Tree are the bottom-
boundaries. level entities that store actual data points or
values within the spatial subdivisions. They
represent the finest granularity of the tree,
containing information about specific regions of
the 2D space.
Construction of Quad Trees

Divide and Conquer Split Criteria Merging & Pruning

The process of creating a quad- The points are split based on a At some point, nodes with few or
tree involves recursively dividing split criteria which can be depth, no points may be removed from
the 2D space into smaller parts number of points, or a minimum the tree to save computing
until each part contains a single size for each quadrant. resources.
point or region.
Operations on Quad Trees
1 Searching

Searching in a quad-tree is essentially walking down the tree, starting at the root node
and testing whether a given point intersects with each quadrant

2 Inserting

To insert a new point, the tree is recursively searched and the appropriate empty leaf
node is found.

3 Deleting

Deleting a leaf node works similarly to inserting a new node. The empty node is
deleted, and its parent is checked to see if it is now empty as well.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Quad Trees

1 Quick Lookup 2 Space-Efficient

Quad Trees facilitate fast data retrieval of Quad Trees are adaptive in terms of node
individual points and small regions of a map. creation, making them cost-effective and
saving space

3 Multidimensional 4 Processing Time Overhead

Quad Trees can be used in n-dimensional There is always an overhead cost that comes
data structures, making them versatile for a with traversing a tree, making it less efficient
wide range of applications. than other data organization techniques.
Examples and Use Cases

Image Processing Geographic Physical simulations


Information
Quad trees can be used to Quad Trees aid in collision
compress and efficiently store
Systems detection and boundary
Quad Trees store geographic
images of varying resolutions, data like maps, giving fast condition checks
saving space and making access to different locational
retrieval easy. information.
Conclusion
Quad Trees Simplify Life
In conclusion, Quad Trees provide a hierarchical and recursive approach to spatial
partitioning in 2D space, making them advantageous for applications like image
processing and physical simulations. Their multidimensional adaptability and space
efficiency enable quick data retrieval. While Quad Trees simplify tasks like searching,
inserting, and deleting, there is a processing time overhead associated with tree
traversal. Overall, Quad Trees offer a versatile solution for optimizing data organization
and retrieval in various domains, from image compression to geographic information
systems.

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