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Fem Unit I

1. The document discusses the finite element method (FEM) for unit 1 of the course. 2. FEM is a numerical analysis technique used to obtain approximate solutions to boundary value problems. It works by dividing a system into smaller pieces called finite elements. 3. A brief history of FEM is provided, including its development from the Rayleigh-Ritz method. Common applications of FEM in engineering are also listed.

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SAIKUMAR A
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19 views34 pages

Fem Unit I

1. The document discusses the finite element method (FEM) for unit 1 of the course. 2. FEM is a numerical analysis technique used to obtain approximate solutions to boundary value problems. It works by dividing a system into smaller pieces called finite elements. 3. A brief history of FEM is provided, including its development from the Rayleigh-Ritz method. Common applications of FEM in engineering are also listed.

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SAIKUMAR A
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© © All Rights Reserved
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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (FEM)

UNIT –I

A.SAIKUMAR,ASSITANT PROFESSOR ,JBIT,MECHANICAL ENGINEERING


UNIT –I
Introduction to FEM: basic concepts, historical back ground, application of FEM,
general description, comparison of FEM with other methods.

Basic equations of elasticity, Stress – Strain and strain - displacement relations.


RayleighRitz method, Weighted residual methods.
CONTENTS

 What is finite element analysis, FEM?

 Purpose FEM

 Applications of the FEM

 Brief history of FEM


FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
WHAT IS IT?

FEM is a computer aided numerical method based on the dicretisation


of the domain, structure or continuum into number of elements and
obtaining the solution .
Useful for problems with complicated geometries, loadings, and
material properties where analytical solutions can not be obtained.
FEM
DISCRETIZATI
ON

Complex Object Simple Analysis


(Material discontinuity,
Complex and arbitrary
geometry)

Real Simplified Mathematical Discretized


World (Idealized) Model (mesh)
Physical Model
Model
DISCRETIZATIONS
 Model body by dividing it into an equivalent
system of many smaller bodies or units (finite
elements) interconnected at points common to
two or more elements (nodes or nodal points)
and/or boundary lines and/or surfaces.
OBJECT
ELEMENTS
NODES

Displacement Stress

Strain
Elements & Nodes - Nodal Quantity
FEATURE

Obtain a set of algebraic equations to


solve for unknown (first) nodal quantity
(displacement).

Secondary quantities (stresses and


strains) are expressed in terms of nodal
values of primary quantity
THE PURPOSE OF FEM
Analytical Solution
• Stress analysis for trusses, beams, and other simple structures are
carried out based on dramatic simplification and idealization:
– mass concentrated at the center of gravity
– beam simplified as a line segment (same cross-section)
• Design is based on the calculation results of the idealized structure & a
large safety factor (1.5-3) given by experience.

FEM

• Design geometry is a lot more complex; and the accuracy requirement is


a lot higher. We need
– To understand the physical behaviors of a complex object (strength,
heat transfer capability, fluid flow, etc.)
– To predict the performance and behavior of the design; to calculate
the safety margin; and to identify the weakness of the design
accurately; and
– To identify the optimal design with confidence
. Lord John William Strutt Rayleigh (late 1800s), developed a
method for predicting the first natural frequency of simple
structures. It assumed a deformed shape for a structure and
then quantified this shape by minimizing the distributed energ y
in the structure.

. Ritz then exp Walter ended this into a method, now known as
the Rayleigh-Ritz method, for predicting the stress and
displacement behavior of structures.
the true beginning of commercial FEA as digital computers replaced analog
ones with the capability of thousands of operations per second.

4. In the 1950s, a team form Boeing demonstrated that complex surfaces


could be analyzed with a matrix of triangular shapes.

5. In the early 1960s, the MacNeal-Schwendle Corporation (MSC)


develop a
general purpose FEA code. Dr. Ray Clough coined the term “finite element
This original code had a limit of 68,000 degrees of freedom. When
the NASA contract was complete, MSC continued development of its own
version called MSC/NASTRAN, while the original NASTRAN become
available to the public and formed the basis ofdozens of the FEA packages
available today. Around the timeMSC/NASTRAN was released, ANSYS,
MARC, and SAP were introduced. 6
COMMON FEM APPLICATIONS
Mechanical/Aerospace/Civil/Automotive
Engineering
Structural/Stress Analysis
 Static/Dynamic
 Linear/Nonlinear
Fluid Flow Heat
Transfer
Electromagnetic
Fields
Soil Mechanics
Acoustics
Biomechanics
CASE STUDIES
EXAMPLES OF FEA – 1D
(BEAMS)
EXAMPLES OF FEA -
2D
EXAMPLES OF FEA –
3D
ADVANTAGES
Irregular Boundaries
General Loads
Different Materials
Boundary Conditions
Variable Element
Size Easy
Modification
Dynamics
Nonlinear Problems
The following notes are a summary from “Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis” by David V.
(Geometric or
Hutton

Material)
PRINCIPLES OF FEA
 Thefinite element method (FEM), or finite element
analysis (FEA), is a computational technique used to obtain
approximate solutions of boundary value problems in
engineering.

 Boundary value problems are also called field problems. The


field is the domain of interest and most often represents a
physical structure.

 Thefield variables are the dependent variables of interest


governed by the differential equation.

 The boundary conditions are the specified values of the field


variables (or related variables such as derivatives) on the
boundaries of the field.
For simplicity, at this point, we assume a two-dimensional case with a
single field variable φ(x, y) to be determined at every point P(x, y) such
that a known governing equation (or equations) is satisfied exactly at every
such point.

-A finite element is not a differential element of size dx × dy.

-A node is a specific point in the finite element at which the value of the
field variable is to be explicitly calculated.
1. Lord John William Strutt Rayleigh (late 1800s), developed a
method for predicting the first natural frequency of simple
structures. It assumed a deformed shape for a structure and
then quantified this shape by minimizing the distributed energ y
in the structure.

2. Ritz then exp Walter ended this into a method, now known as
the Rayleigh-Ritz method, for predicting the stress and
displacement behavior of structures.
3. DR. RAY CLOUGH COINED THE TERM
“FINITE ELEMENT” IN 1960. THE 1960S SAW
the true beginning of commercial FEA as digital computers replaced analog
ones with the capability of thousands of operations per second.

4. In the 1950s, a team form Boeing demonstrated that complex surfaces


could be analyzed with a matrix of triangular shapes.

5. In the early 1960s, the MacNeal-Schwendle Corporation (MSC)


develop a
general purpose FEA code. This original code had a limit of 68,000
degrees of freedom. When the NASA contract was complete, MSC
continued development of its own version called MSC/NASTRAN, while the
original NASTRAN become available to the public and formed the basis
ofdozens of the FEA packages available today. Around the
timeMSC/NASTRAN was released, ANSYS, MARC, and SAP were
introduced. 6
OVERVIEW OF THE FINITE
ELEMENT METHOD

S    W    G  M
Strong Weak Galerkin Matrix
form form form
approx.
DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY

 Rayleigh-Ritz Method
 Total potential energy equation

 Galerkin’s Method
1D ROD
ELEMENTS
 To understand and solve 2D and 3D problems we must
understand basic of 1D problems.

 Analysis of 1D rod elements can be done using


Rayleigh-Ritz and Galerkin’s method.

 To solve FEA problems same are modified in the


Potential-Energy approach and Galerkin’s approach
1D ROD ELEMENTS

 Loading consists of three types : body force f , traction force


T, point load Pi

 Body force: distributed force , acting on every


elemental volume of body i.e. self weight of body.

 Traction force: distributed force , acting on surface of body


i.e. frictional resistance, viscous drag and surface shear

 Point load: a force acting on any single point of element


1D ROD
Element -1 Element-2
ELEMENTS
 Element strain energy 1 T
U  2 q [k
e


 Element stiffness matrix e
]q
Ee e A  1  1

[k ]  
e

 Load vectors le  1 1 
 Element body load vector
 Element traction-force vector 
f  Aele f 1
e 2
1

T  Tle 1
e
2

1
REFERENCES

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