Obesity by Sapana Subedi

Obesity -
Introduction
Presented By:
Sapana Subedi
M.Sc. Clinical Biochemistry 1st Year
Overview
• Obesity-definition
• Prevalence of obesity, worldwide and national
• Screening and measurements of obesity
• Etiology of Obesity
• Consequences of obesity
Introduction
Caloric homeostasis/ Energy homeostasis:

• The ability to maintain adequate but not excessive energy
stores
• Knowing when to eat and when to refrain from eating
Definition
Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair
health.
Unwanted weight gain leading to overweight and obesity has become a main driver of the global rise in
non-communicable diseases and is itself now considered a non-communicable disease
Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used to classify
overweight and obesity in adults. BMI is the ratio of weight to height, calculated as weight (kg)/height (m2 ), or
weight (lb)/height (in2 ) multiplied by 703.
Adults
For adults ,WHO defines overweight and obesity as follows:
• overweight is a BMI greater than or equal to 25; and
• obesity is a BMI greater than or equal to 30.
Body mass index (BMI)
Strengths:
• BMI is easy to measure, inexpensive, and provides standardized cutoff points for overweight and
obese status.
• Normal weight is a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9; overweight is a BMI between 25.0 and 29.9; obese
is a BMI of 30.0 or higher.
• BMI is strongly correlated with body fat levels, as measured by the most accurate methods;
hundreds of studies show that a high BMI predicts higher risk of chronic disease and early death.
• Limitations: BMI involves indirect and imperfect measurement, and does not distinguish between
body fat and lean body mass. It is not as accurate a predictor of body fat in the elderly as it is in
younger and middle-aged adults. At the same BMI, women have, on average, more body fat than
men, and Asians have more body fat than whites.
• Charlie Seltzer, MD
Children with BMI% values between 85th and 95th (≥85% -<95%) are considered as
overweight and 95th or above (≥ 95%) as obese
Distribution
• Most widely in abdominal cavity

Distribution
Classification of obesity On the basis of fat distribution in the
body parts
Android Gynoid
Excess fat located in the central abdominal area of Fat distributed in the lower extremities around the
the body hips or gluteal region
Waist to hip ratio of more than 0.8 for women waist to hip ratio of less than 0.8 for women and
and 1.0 for men 1.0 for men
Commonly found in males Commonly found in females.
Significant correlation with metabolic syndrome Non significant correlation .

Fat deposits are presumably energy reserves to
support demands of pregnancy and lactation
Prevalence
Global Burden
Global Burden
National
Etiology of Obesity
• Acquired cause
– Over feeding
– Drug induced: corticosteroids, antidepressants,
antiepileptic drugs etc
– Physical inactivity
– Lack of sleep
– Pregnancy
– Smoking cessation
– Emotional factors
Etiology of obesity
• Genetic cause
– Thrifty gene hypothesis:
• The basic premise of the ‘thrifty gene hypothesis’ is that certain populations may have genes
that determine increased fat storage, which in times of famine represent a survival advantage.
• The geneticist James V. Neel proposed the hypothesis, in 1962.
• This hypothesis is an attempt to explain why people from some populations are prone
to diabetes
• It efforts to resolve a question “how disease with a likely genetic component and with such
negative effects may have been favoured by the process of natural selection”
• Thrifty genes are genes which enable individuals to efficiently collect and process food to
deposit fat during periods of food abundance in order to provision for periods of food shortage
(feast and famine)
Etiology of obesity
• Genetic cause
– Leptin associated genes
– Beta 3 adrenergic receptor gene
– Peroxisome proliferator activated peptide receptor gamma (PPAR-) gene
– Adiponectin gene
Consequences of Obesity
•
References
1. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th Edition
2. Lippincott Illustrated Reviews of Biochemistry, 7th Edition
3. Bray G a. Medical consequences of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab [Internet]. 2004 Jun [cited 2014
Sep 26];89(6):2583–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15181027
4. Sikaris KA. The Clinical Biochemistry of Obesity. 2004;25(August):165–81.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1880830/
5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2905575/
Thank You
THANK YOU

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Obesity -

Caloric homeostasis/ Energy homeostasis:

• Most widely in abdominal cavity

Commonly found in males Commonly found in females.

Significant correlation with metabolic syndrome Non significant correlation .

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